Anthu pakuchita chisinthiko wadutsa miyeso yambiri, ndipo ngati pachiyambi cha njira yake malamulo onse a dziko anafotokozedwa kuchokera ku chikunja, kumalo akumwamba, ndiye ndi chitukuko cha kupita patsogolo kwazinthu zamakono, zopindulitsa zowathandiza. Positivism ndi yogwirizana kwambiri ndi chodabwitsa ichi.
Kodi positivism ndi chiyani?
Ichi ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chakumadzulo, chomwe chinalowa m'malo mwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo chinali chotsatira cha njira yopanga bungwe la capitalist. Positivism ndi chitsogozo chomwe chimatsutsana ndi filosofi ndipo chimachokera pa mfundo yakuti chirichonse chomwe umunthu uli nacho lero ndizofunikira za sayansi. Mzimu wa positivism unabweretsa kusintha kwa makhalidwe abwino : zonse zauzimu, zaumulungu mwa munthu zidaloledwa padziko lapansi. Chipembedzo, filosofi ndi ziphunzitso zina zosadziwika zinkakhumudwitsidwa ndipo zinatsutsidwa, ndipo zotsatira za mankhwala, chidziwitso cha chirengedwe, ndi zina zotero, zinaperekedwa kwa sayansi yeniyeni.
Positivism mu filosofi
Mufilosofi, izi zimachitika m'ma 1830 ndipo zidakali ndi mphamvu zake, pokhala zogonjetsa magawo atatu a chitukuko chake:
- chithunzi;
- kutsutsana ndi empirio;
- chisokonezo.
Positivism mu filosofi ndi sayansi yozikidwa pa mfundo ziwiri. Choyamba ndi kuzindikira kuti pali chidziwitso chenicheni chodziwika bwino, ndipo chachiwiri chimaphatikizapo kukonzanso ndi kulingalira kwa mfundo za sayansi zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ndikutsatiridwa mwachidule. Chofunika cha positivism ndi kuyang'anitsitsa, kuyesa ndi kuyesa, pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo osakhazikika a chirengedwe, kudziŵa munthu za iye mwini, ndiko kuti, mfundo zina.
Positivism in Sociology
Woyambitsa chigawo ichi, O. Comte, ankawona maziko a sayansi ya anthu ndipo amakhulupirira kuti, pamodzi ndi zokhudzana ndi sayansi ina, akudandaula zokhazokha. Socialological positivism inaphunzira chilamulo chogwirizana ndi zochitika zina za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikudalira zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi mitundu yake ya maganizo ndi biologo-natureistic. Comte ankakhulupirira kuti boma liyenera kudalira sayansi. Anapatsa mphamvu anthu kuti aziwadziwa bwino, mphamvu ndi chuma chawo chinapatsidwa ndalama zothandizira anthu, ndipo abomawo amayenera kugwira ntchito.
Positivism mu Psychology
Malingaliro othandizira kufufuza amathandiza kwambiri m'mbiri ya maganizo. Pofuna kudziŵa chomwe chiri chofunikira cha positivism, ndi bwino kuyankha kuti chifukwa chaichi, "kudzidzimva" kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Pa maziko a sayansi ya chirengedwe, maganizo aumwini amayima pa njira yake yokha, kudalira malingaliro apamwamba. Kuchokera ku mafilosofi, ilo limasandulika sayansi yodziimira ndi nzeru zake zachilengedwe, njira ndi malingaliro. Pamaso pazomwe zinali zooneka bwino za chidziwitso chenicheni pa zochitika za moyo wa moyo ndi kudalira kwawo pa zamoyo zakuthupi.
Positivism - ubwino ndi chiwonongeko
Kufunika kwa chiphunzitso cha filosofi, chomwe chinaphatikizapo njira zodziwika komanso zogwirizana ndi sayansi imodzi, zinali kale, ndipo zifukwa zake zosafunikira ndizo:
- Ufulu wodziimira ndi kudzidalira kwa sayansi yauchikulire kuchokera ku filosofi.
- Positivism yamakono imapereka lingaliro la filosofi iliyonse ku sayansi yeniyeni.
- Kusiyana pakati pa filosofi ya filosofi ndi konkire zenizeni za sayansi.
Kuchokera m'magazi amatha kudziwika:
- Kulephera kwa umboni wakuti filosofi yachilengedwe ndiyo yofunikira kwambiri pa chitukuko ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndichabechabechabe, ndipo zidziwitso zake zatopa.
- Chofunika cha positivism sichimveka bwino. Oyambitsa ake amayesetsa kuchepetsa chirichonse kukhala chidziwitso chodziwika bwino, pamene chidziwitso cha chidziwitso cha sayansi sichiwerengedwa poyerekeza ndi zochitika zovuta komanso gawo lovuta la kafukufuku wa sayansi mu mphamvu zake. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chidziwitso cha masamu sichimasuliridwa molakwika, sayansi yamtengo wapatali imakhalapo, ndi zina zotero.
Mitundu ya positivism
Chiyanjano pakati pa malingaliro monga chithunzithunzi ndi postpositivism chimachokera. Otsatirawa anawoneka ngati chotsutsa chokhazikika pamtima wabwino. Otsatira ake akuchita nawo phunziro la chitukuko cha chidziwitso cha sayansi komanso chifukwa chogwirizana. Otsatira otsatira a Comte ndi K. Popper ndi T. Kuhn. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti zoona za chiphunzitso ndi kutsimikiziridwa siziri zogwirizana, ndipo tanthauzo la sayansi silikutsutsana ndi chinenero chake. Wotsatira wotsitsimutsa wa zimenezi samaphatikizapo zigawo zosiyana siyana za sayansi ndi sayansi za filosofi.