Vitalism (kuchokera ku Latin vitalis-amoyo, kupatsa moyo) ndilo lingaliro lokhazikika mu biology yomwe imalola kukhalapo kwa mphamvu yosaoneka yosaoneka mu ziwalo zonse zamoyo. Zomwe zimafunikira pa chiphunzitso cha vitalism zikhoza kuwonedwa mu filosofi ya Plato ndi Aristotle, amene adayankhula za mzimu wosafa (psyche) ndi mphamvu yosadziwika (entelechy), yomwe imayendetsa zochitika zamoyo. Kenaka anthu anatengedwa ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a zochitika, zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chamakono zinakumbukiridwa kokha m'zaka za zana la 17. Kumapeto kwa neo-vitalism kunachitika mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 19. Koma ndi chitukuko cha biology ndi mankhwala, chiphunzitso cha vitalism chinali debunked, tiyeni tiwone kuti kulephera kwake kuli.
Vitalism ndi kugwa kwake
Nthawi zonse, anthu anali ndi chidwi pa nkhani ya chiyambi cha moyo. Ngakhale lingaliro la sayansi silinapangidwe, kufotokozera za kukopa kwachipembedzo sikunapangitse kukayikira kulikonse. Koma pamene anthu adadziwa kuti dziko lapansi likulamulidwa ndi malamulo osinthika, chiphunzitso cha Mulungu chinayamba kuchititsa kukayikira kwakukulu. Koma apa pali chinthu, sayansi, nayonso, sichikanakhoza kupereka ndemanga yeniyeni ya chiyambi cha moyo. Pomwepo kunali kofunika kuti izi zisamane malamulo a thupi, komanso zimazindikira kukhalapo kwa mphamvu yosagwirizana ndi chiyambi cha zoyambira. Kukonzekera komaliza kwa lingaliro lachidziwitso kunabwera pa nthawi ya chitukuko chofulumira cha sayansi, pamene anthu potsiriza analephera kukhulupirira kuti kufotokoza kwa dongosolo ladziko kungaperekedwe kokha mwa lingaliro labwino. Chothandizira kwambiri popanga chiphunzitsocho chinapangidwa ndi asayansi monga G. Stahl (dokotala) ndi H. Drish (embryologist). Otsatirawa, makamaka, adanena kuti asayansi sangathe kulenga chinthu chimodzi chokha, pakuti chilengedwe sichingakhale munda wa makina.
Koma zaka zinapita, sayansi inayamba, malamulo atsopano anatsegulidwa. Pamapeto pake, malingana ndi essentialism, panali chiwonongeko chachikulu (malingaliro a iwo omwe anachibweretsa icho). Mu 1828, F. Woehler (wolemba zamagetsi wa ku Germany) adafalitsa ntchito zake, momwe adatchulira zotsatira za mayesero pa kaphatikizidwe ka urea. Iye anatha kupanga kaphatikidwe kake ka zimagulu monga momwe impso za moyo zimakhalira. Ichi chinali choyamba cholimbikitsanso kugwa kwachisokonezo, ndipo kufufuza kumeneku kunayambitsa kuonongeka kwakukulu kwa chiphunzitso ichi. Muzaka makumi asanu ndi ziwiri za m'ma XX century chitukuko chokonzekera cha kaphatikizidwe ka organic substances chinayamba. Wachifalansa wamaphunziro wa P.E.M. Berthelot anatha kupanga methane, benzene, ethyl ndi methyl alcohols, komanso acetylene. Panthawiyi, malire pakati pa organic ndi chilengedwe, owonedwa osasinthika, anawonongedwa. Kafufuzidwe zamakono sizimasiya chilichonse kuchokera kuzinthu zofunikira - anthu angathe kupanga kachilomboka, kupindula ndi kuyendetsa kachipangizo kenakake komwe sayansi idzatitsogolere, mwinamwake posachedwapa tidzatha kuphunzira kulenga biorobots - mawonekedwe atsopano atsopano, motero kukhala pa mlingo umodzi ndi Mlengi.
Chiphunzitso cha zofunikaism mu dziko lamakono
Chabwino, ife tazikonza izo, sayansi - Zosatha, zofunikira - mpaka kutaya! Koma musathamangire kuganiza, kupezeka kwa malamulo omwe zochitika zachibadwa zimagonjetsedwa, mosakayikiratu kukana chiphunzitso cha zofunikaism, chifukwa wina (kapena chinachake) malamulowa anayenera kukhala nawo. Komanso, akatswiri a zamakedzana ankaganiza kuti masamu akhale pafupifupi chipembedzo