Agnosia ndi matenda omwe amadziwika ndi kulephera kwa mitundu ina ya malingaliro. Matendawa amakhudza anthu a msinkhu uliwonse. Munthu chifukwa cha agnosia akhoza kutaya kumva, amasiya kuzindikira zinthu, nkhope, kapena kuziwona zikusocheretsa. Malingaliro ndi mitundu yofooka ya agnosia imasungidwa.
Agnosia - ndi chiyani?
Munthuyo amatsogoleredwa padziko lonse lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe apakatikati a mitsempha yamkati. Kukwanitsa kugwira, kuzindikira, kuberekana ndi kumvetsa matanthauzo ophiphiritsira ndi gnosis (china Chigiriki - nzeru). Agnosia ndi kutayika kapena kuphwanya ntchito zowona chifukwa cha zilonda za gawo la cortex ndi madera omwe ali pafupi. Mawu akuti "agnosia" adayambitsidwa ndi sayansi ya zachipatala ndi wajeremani wa ku German German Munch, amene adatsimikizira kuti zilonda za madera ena a cortex zingayambitse kukhala wakhungu ndi wogontha.
Agnosia mu Psychology
Agnosia ndi chisokonezo chochuluka kwambiri, zomwe zimachititsa kusintha kwa malingaliro . Akatswiri a zamaganizo amafufuza agnosia ponena za kusinthika kwaumunthu motsutsana ndi kusintha kwa matenda. Mu psychosomatics pali zikhulupiliro kuti masomphenya amakumana ndi mavuto omwe amapezeka mwa anthu omwe amaopa kuthana ndi mavuto awo maso ndi maso, kapena sakufuna kuwona zinthu zoonekeratu, kapena kutengeka kwa dziko lino lapansi. Kupyolera mu ziwalo za kumva, munthu amalandira zokhudzana ndi dziko, kutsutsa, kutamanda. Anthu omwe amawopa kutsutsana ndi kutsutsidwa angakhale ndi mavuto ndi analyzers olondola.
Zifukwa za agnosia
Zomwe zimayambitsa agnosias ndi zilonda za ubongo. Zomwe zimagwirizananso ndi izi:
- zowonjezereka zowopsya ndi zopweteka zopweteka za ubongo;
- myocardial infarction;
- kupwetekedwa kwachisokonezo cha mtundu wotseguka ndi wotsekedwa ndi zovunda, ngozi;
- matenda okhudza ubongo wa pakatikati;
- Matenda a Parkinson ;
- kubadwa kwakukulu;
- matenda aumphawi (kuchepa kwaumtima);
- kusintha kosasintha mu ubongo;
- Matenda akuluakulu opatsirana omwe amachititsa kuti mitsempha yambiri ikhale yoopsa (meningitis, encephalitis);
- chisokonezo cha kufalikira kwa ubongo;
- Kuwopsa kwa zinthu zoopsa pa ubongo (mercury, lead, arsenic, substances psychoactive);
- Matenda a Alzheimer.
Mitundu ya agnosia
Agnosia ndi matenda omwe sakhala ochepa, koma amadziwonetsera mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zikuwoneka nthawi zambiri pakati pa zaka zapakati pa 10 ndi 20. Pali mitundu itatu ya agnosia:
- zithunzi;
- zolemba;
- tactile.
Mitundu yapakati ya agnosios:
- zolemba;
- kumvetsera;
- malo;
- mtundu;
- kusonkhana;
- osognosia (matenda a Anton-Babinsky);
- chowawa;
- zosavuta.
Auditory agnosia
Acnotic acnosia ndi ya mitundu yovuta. Pali kuphwanya kumveka kwa mawu, mawu ambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa chiwonongeko cha nthawi ya kumanzere kumayambiriro kumabweretsa vuto la kumva phonemic ndipo kumawonetsa motere:
- matenda osokoneza bongo (ossesia aphasia);
- kusataya kusiyanitsa pakati pa mawu;
- Kulankhula kwa wodwalayo ndi "saladi";
- kuphwanya kuwerenga ndi kulemba.
Ngati chiwonongeko cha nyengo yoyenera kumakhudzidwa:
- Misewu ndi mkokomo sizidziwika nkomwe;
- Kulakwitsa kumvetsetsa chilankhulo m'mawu a anthu ena;
- N'zosatheka kuphunzira ndi kuberekana nyimbo zoimba;
- Kuphwanya kuvomereza okondedwa ndi mawu.
Agnosia yachitsulo
Agnosia yachitsulo ndi kulephera kusiyanitsa makhalidwe apamwamba omwe ali ndi zinthu. Kuzindikila maonekedwe: kufatsa-kuuma, kusasamala-kukwiya kumakhala kosatheka, pamene maziko amalingaliro a lingaliro lachinsinsi amasungidwa. Agnosia ya tactile imapezeka pamene mbali zina za chigawo chakumtunda ndi m'munsi mwa parietal zimakhudzidwa. Asteroignosis ndi mtundu wa chisokonezo chimene wodwalayo sakudziwa zinthu zomwe zimadziwika bwino ndi zokhudzana ndi maso otsekedwa.
Somatoignosia
Somatoignosia ndi kuphwanya malingaliro a chiwembu cha thupi lanu, mkati. Muzigawo zina, matendawa amatchulidwa kuti agnosia. Pali mitundu itatu yokha ya mawonekedwe:
- Matenda a Anosognosia (Anton-Babinsky, omwe amachititsa kuti khungu lisawonongeke). Kuphwanya koteroko pamalingaliro a wodwala, pamene akukana kupezeka kwa kukwapula kwake: kuuma ziwalo, khungu, kumva. Wodwala amakhulupirira kuti sali wodwala ziwalo, koma safuna kusuntha. Chifukwa cha osognosia ndi chotupa cha pirateal lobe ya subdominant ubongo hemisphere mu matenda aakulu (kawirikawiri mwa okalamba).
- Autopagnosia . Wodwala amataya chidziwitso cha kumidzi kwa mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi lake. Nthawi zina wodwalayo amatha kukhala ndi ziwalo zake "zowonjezera" (mkono wachitatu, mwendo, bifurcation) kapena kusowa kwa ziwalo za thupi (nthawi zambiri kumanzere). Zomwe zimayambitsa autopagnosia zingakhale zoopsa, zotupa, kupweteka kwa mawonekedwe aakulu. Autopagnosia ndi chidziwitso choyenera cha matenda a maganizo: khunyu, schizophrenia.
- Fingearognosia . Fomu iyi imadziwika ndi kusakhoza kusiyanitsa pakati pa zala za dzanja ndi maso otseguka ndi otsekedwa maso osati mwa iwoeni, komanso ndi kunja.
Pakati pa agnosia
Lingaliro la malo a agnosia likuphatikizapo chigawo chowonekera. Mtundu uwu wa agnosia umadziwika ndi zizindikiro za vuto la kulingalira kwa malo, magawo ake, kusokonezeka mu danga. Malo a agnosia amagawanika malinga ndi mitundu ya chisokonezo:
- > Malo amodzi a malo agnosia. Chifukwa chake ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa phalaetal lobe, makamaka yoyenera. Munthu wodwala ayamba kuwona mbali yokha ya danga (amawerenga mawu okha kumbali yoyenera ya munda) kumanzere kumanyalanyazidwa.
- Kusokonezeka pakuona kayendetsedwe ka nthawi ndi nthawi (akinetopsia). Kupita mofulumira, kusuntha kwa zinthu sikuwoneka. Munthu sangathe kuwerenga chithunzi ndi mapu, sadziwa nthawi yopitilira mivi pa ola.
- Zolemba zamtundu wa agnosia - zosadziŵika bwino zomwe zimadziwika bwino, kusokonezeka kwathunthu mu malo, kukumbukira kusungidwa. Odwala akhoza kutayika panyumba m'chipinda chawo.
- Gnosis yakuya - imakula m'matumbo a chigawo cha parieto-occipital (gawo la pakati). Zimadziwika kuti n'kosatheka kuti odwala apeze malo abwino mu malo atatu. Munthu wozama agnosis sadziwa kusiyana kwa magawo pafupi, patsogolo, kutsogolo.
Visible agnosia
Gulu lalikulu kwambiri la agnosias, lopangidwa chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa kwa mbali za occipital za cortex ndi zithunzi zowonongeka, silingathe kuzindikira ndi kusinthira mfundo zomwe analandira kuchokera kunja zokhudzana ndi zinthu ndi zozizwitsa. Mu mankhwala, mitundu yotsatira ya agnosia imadziwika:
- phunziro (kuzindikira kwa zinthu kumaphwanyidwa, koma masomphenya amasungidwa);
- digito (wodwalayo sangatchule mayina);
- agnosia for dementia (osadziletsa-osasamala - osadziwika zithunzi za zinthu ndi zithunzi zojambula: bowa, ngati pamwamba - phwetekere, ngati kuchokera pansipa - nkhaka).
Mafomu omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri agnosia, omwe angathe kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane:
- prosopagnosia;
- Nthawi imodzi;
- zilembo;
Buku lenileni la agnosia
Dzina lachiwiri la matendawa ndi asymmetry. Alpha agnosia imachitika pamene ma pulotal parietal ndi occipital lobes amakhudzidwa. Powonongeka kumeneku, munthuyu amasindikiza molondola, amasindikiza zitsanzo za makalata, manambala, koma sangathe kuzilemba, sakudziwa ndipo sakumbukira. Kalata agnosia imaphatikizapo chitukuko cha primary alexia (osakhoza kuwerenga mawu) ndi acalculia (kuphwanya malamulo). Makhalidwe:
- chiwonetsero cha kalilole cha makalata;
- Makalata ali osakanikirana molingana ndi mawonekedwe oyang'anitsitsa ndi zofanana zofanana ndi zilembo ("n" monga "m", "p" monga "mu").
Agnosia imodzimodzi
Matenda a Balint kapena agnosia panthaŵi yomweyo ndi kuphwanya malingaliro onse a fano, zithunzi, zithunzi zambiri. Zinthu ndi zinthu za munthu zimadziwika molondola. Chifukwa cha agnosia pachilonda cha mbali ya anthenda ya occipital lobe. Zikuwoneka motere:
- kuwerenga kovuta;
- zovuta kuwonetsera malingaliro kwa mbali inayo (lingaliro losamvetsetseka);
- Kuphwanya pa kayendetsedwe ka mpira wa maso;
- luso lozindikira chinthu chimodzi chokha mu fanolo.
Prozapognosia
Mtundu wotere wa agnosia uli wokondweretsa akatswiri. Prosopagnosia kapena agnosia pamaso zimapangidwa pamene malo otsika a occipital lobe kapena dera lachilendo amatha. Pali mtundu wa mtundu wa pro-spontgenia umene umafalitsidwa ndi majini (nthawi zambiri ndi matenda ochepa mwa anthu 2%). Matenda a Alzheimer. Makhalidwe:
- malingaliro a munthuyo sakuphwanyidwa, koma wodwala samudziwitsa iye ndi munthu wina, iye samudziwa;
- luso lozindikira munthu wodziwika ndi mbali zina za nkhope: masharubu, mano, maso, mphuno.
Nkhani ya prozopagnosia imafotokozedwa m'buku la katswiri wa ubongo "Mwamuna amene anatenga mkazi wake ndi chipewa". Wodwala P., wovutika ndi agnosia, amakhoza kuzindikira mkazi wake mwa mawu okha. Mwachidule, prosopagnosia inalembedwa ku A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, Yu Gagarin, L.I. Brezhnev. Chifukwa chakuti ali ndi matenda a prosopagnosia - Brad Pitt, wotchuka wotchuka wa ku America, posachedwapa adauza ailesiyo. Brad akukhumudwa kwambiri kuti anzake ndi anzake amamukhumudwitsa, pamene nthawi zambiri amadutsa ndipo saima kuti adze.
Kukonzekera kwa agnosios
Agnosia sichidziimira paokha, nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi matenda aakulu kapena kuwonongeka kwa ubongo. Kufufuza bwinobwino ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kungathandize kupeza zifukwa za mtundu wina wa agnosia, pokhapokha atatha kumwa mankhwalawa. Kukonzekera kwa agnosias a zolemba zosiyana kumayendetsedwa ndi akatswiri: khunyu ya matenda a m'maganizo, wodwala matenda a maganizo, katswiri wa zamaganizo, wamaganizo. Kutulukira bwino matenda kumadalira pa nthawi yodziŵika bwino ndi njira zomwe zatengedwa:
- Zitha kuthetsa kuchiza kwathunthu, ndi chithandizo cha matenda oyambitsa matenda;
- kukhululukidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo;
- kusintha kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi moyo-kuyembekezera agnosia: zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangidwira kuti anthu azikhala pamodzi ndi kuzindikiritsa luso losowa mwadongosolo mwachitukuko chatsopano.