Gnoseology - mfundo ndi zikuluzikulu za epistemology zamakono

Chikhumbo chofuna kupeza chidziwitso nthawizonse chimalingaliridwa kukhala chimodzi mwa makhalidwe ofunikira ofunikira kuti munthu apite patsogolo . Choncho, maziko a epistemology - njira ya filosofi yomwe imadziwika mu ndondomeko ya chidziwitso - inayikidwa kale. Choncho, zaka zake zenizeni zimatchedwa zovuta.

Kodi gnoseology ndi chiyani?

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za gawoli, munthu amatha kumvetsa zomwe zinayambira. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku ziganizo ziwiri zachi Greek: gnoseo - "kudziwa" ndi logos - "mawu, kulankhula." Zikuoneka kuti epistemology ndi sayansi yodziwitsidwa, ndiko kuti, imakhudzidwa ndi njira zomwe munthu amapezera chidziwitso, njira yochokera kusadziŵa kuti azindikire, magwero a chidziwitso choyera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zomwe anaphunzira.

Epistemology mu Philosophy

Poyamba, kufufuza kupeza chidziwitso monga chodabwitsa chinali gawo la kufufuza kwafilosofi, kenaka kukhala gawo limodzi. Gnoseology mu filosofi ndi dipatimenti imene imaphunzira malire a kudziŵika kwanu. Yakhala ikuyenda limodzi ndi nthambi yaikulu kuyambira pachiyambi. Mwamsanga pamene anthu adapeza mtundu watsopano wa ntchito ya uzimu, panali kukayikira za kutsimikiziridwa kwa zenizeni za chidziwitso cholandilidwa, kusiyana kwa deta pamwamba ndi tanthauzo lalikulu linayamba.

Chiphunzitso cha epistemology sichinapangidwe mwamsanga, ndizotheka kufufuza ndime zake zomveka bwino mu filosofi ya kale. Kenaka panawoneka mawonekedwe ndi mitundu yovomerezeka, kufufuza kwa umboni wa chidziwitso kunkachitika ndipo mafunso opeza chidziwitso chowona, chomwe chinakhala chiyambi cha kukayikira - chilango chosiyana, chinaganiziridwa. M'zaka zamkati zapitazi, pokhudzana ndi kupeza malingaliro achipembedzo ndi dziko lonse lapansi, epistemology inayamba kutsutsa mphamvu za malingaliro kuti ziwululire mavumbulutso. Chifukwa cha zovuta za ntchitoyi panthawiyi, chilango chapita patsogolo kwambiri.

Pa maziko a nthawi yatsopano, pali kusintha kwa filosofi, yomwe imayambitsa vuto la kuzindikira. Mtundu wapamwamba wa sayansi ukupangidwa, umene mu 1832 udzatchedwa Epistemology. Kupambana kotereku kunali kotheka chifukwa cha momwe munthu amawerengeranso za malo ake padziko lapansi, amasiya kukhala chidole m'manja mwa akuluakulu, amapeza chifuniro chake ndi udindo wake.

Mavuto a epistemology

Mbiri yakale ya chilango ndi sukulu zosiyanasiyana imatsegulira mafunso angapo omwe amafuna yankho. Vuto lalikulu la epistemology, lofala kwa onse, liri motere.

1. Zifukwa za kuzindikira . Zimatanthawuza kupeza zofunika zoyenera kuti mudziwe zomwe zikuchitika. Zimakhulupirira kuti zimaphatikizapo kufunikira kuyembekezera zochitika zamtsogolo ndi zovuta kwambiri za dongosolo, popanda izi yankho la ntchito zatsopano lidzachedwa nthawi zonse.
2. Zinthu zopezera chidziwitso . Zimaphatikizapo zigawo zitatu: chikhalidwe, munthu, ndi mawonekedwe a zenizeni podziwika.
3. Fufuzani chitsime cha chidziwitso . Epistemology ikuyang'ana mfundo iyi mothandizidwa ndi mavuto angapo omwe ayenera kupereka lingaliro la woyambitsa chidziwitso choyamba, chodziwitsidwa.

Epistemology - Mitundu

Pofuna kutsindika malingaliro a filosofi, zochitika zazikuluzikulu zokhudzana ndi zochitika zakale zinali zosiyana.

1. Zoona zenizeni . Kuyang'ana kwa choonadi ndi ziwalo za thupi, palibe kusiyana pakati pa lingaliro laumunthu ndi mkhalidwe weniweni wa zinthu pano.
2. Sensualism . Amapereka chidziwitso chidziwitso pokhapokha pa maziko a mphamvu, ngati palibe, ndiye kuti malingaliro omwe ali m'maganizo sakuwoneka, chifukwa munthuyo amangokhala m'maganizo, ndipo pambali pake dziko sililipo.
3. Kulingalira . Chidziwitso chenicheni chingakhoze kupezeka kokha pothandizidwa ndi malingaliro popanda kulingalira za deta yotumizidwa ndi mphamvu , zomwe zimangosokoneza zoona.
4. Kukayikira . Akukayikira pazochitika zonse za chidziwitso, amafuna kuti asagwirizane ndi malingaliro a akuluakulu, mpaka atadziwongolera.
5. Agnosticism . Amalankhula za kutheka kuti amvetsetse bwino dziko lonse - malingaliro ndi malingaliro amapereka zidziwitso zokha zomwe sizikwanira kupeza chithunzi chonse.
6. Kudziwa kulingalira . Amakhulupirira kuti angathe kupeza chidziwitso chokwanira cha dziko lapansi.

Epistemology yamakono

Sayansi silingathe kukhazikika, ikukhudzidwa mu ndondomeko ya chitukuko ndi mphamvu ya zina. Pakadali pano, njira zazikulu za epistemology ndizokhalitsa zokhumba, kukayikira ndi kusakhulupirira, zomwe zimaganiziridwa pambali ya maulendo angapo. Kuphatikiza pa filosofi, psychology, njira, informatics, mbiri ya sayansi ndi logic zikuphatikizidwa apa. Zimaganizidwe kuti njira yowonjezereka yowonjezera idzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa vutoli mozama, kupeŵa kuphunzira mwangwiro.

Epistemology: mabuku

1. S.A. Askoldov, "Epistemology. Nkhani » . Mfundo za epistemology, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha panpsychism zoperekedwa ndi AA Kozlov, zimatchulidwa. Wolemba nkhaniyo akupitiriza kukula kwake.
2. M. Polani, "Kudziwa Munthu" . Ndi odzipereka kuti aphunzire za chikhalidwe cha chidziwitso ponena za kugwirizana kwa filosofi ndi psychology ya kuzindikira.
3. L.A. Mikeshina, "Filosofi ya chidziwitso. Mitu yovuta . " Amatchula zinthu zomwe zasungidwa kumoto wambuyo kapena kutsutsana.