Psychoanalysis - ndi chiyani, njira zazikulu ndi njira

Psychoanalysis monga njira ya psychotherapy inayamba ku Ulaya kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. ndipo kuyambira pachiyambi adatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi anthu a m'zaka zapakati pa Z. Freud, makamaka chifukwa cha zochepa zokhudza umunthu wa munthu ndi ma drive: Eros (moyo) ndi Thanatos (imfa), koma panali otsatira ndi ophunzira omwe anapeza kuti matenda a psychoanalysis ochokera kumbali zosiyana.

Kodi psychoanalysis ndi chiyani?

Ndani anayambitsa psychoanalysis - funso ili likufunsidwa ndi anthu kutali ndi chidziwitso cha maganizo. Woyambitsa matenda a psychoanalysis ndi Z. Freud, yemwe ndi wa maganizo a maganizo a ku Austria, amene panthawi yake anali wolimba mtima. Psychoanalysis (German Psychoanalyse, Greek psyche - soul, analysis - solution) ndi njira yothandizira odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a maganizo ( neuroses , hysteria). Chofunika cha njirayi ndikutanthauzira maganizo, malingaliro ndi maloto, omwe amatanthauziridwa ndi psychoanalyst.

Psychoanalysis mu Psychology

Pa nthawi ya psychoanalysis (XIX - oyambirira XX century) mankhwala anakhala zaka zingapo ndipo osakwanitsa kwa aliyense, masiku psychoanalysis ndi yochepa (magawo 15 mpaka 30 magawo 1 - 2 rubles pa mlungu) njira. Poyamba, matenda opatsirana maganizo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabungwe azachipatala (kuganizira za matenda a maganizo) pochiza matenda, m'masiku ano mothandizidwa ndi njira imeneyi n'zotheka kugwira ntchito ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana a maganizo.

Zofunikira za psychoanalysis:

• khalidwe la munthu palokha likuchokera kumayendedwe opanda nzeru, omwe amachokera kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko (zoopsa za ubwana);
• Kudziwa za ma drivewawa kumayambitsa njira zotetezera;
• mkangano pakati pa zinthu zodzikongoletsa ndi zoponderezedwa ku chidziwitso kumatsogolera ku zisala, kuvutika maganizo;
• kuzindikira kwa zomwe zikuchitika mu chidziwitso, mothandizidwa ndi wodwalayo, kumasula wodwalayo kuchokera ku chidziwitso cha zinthu zopanda kanthu ndipo amatsogolera kuchira.

Freud's psychoanalysis

Chifukwa cha zaka zowunika odwala ake, Freud adanena kuti kuchuluka kwa chilema kumakhudza maganizo, khalidwe laumunthu. Freud anakhazikitsidwa mu 1932 chikhalidwe cha psyche, choyimira mwazigawo izi:

1. Id (it) ndi dera lopanda chidziwitso ku moyo ndi imfa.
2. Ego (I) - kuganiza mozama, kukula kwa njira zotetezera).
3. Superego (Super-Self) ndi munda wa kufotokozera, chidziwitso cha makhalidwe (kuyambika kwa dongosolo la mtengo wa makolo).

Njira za Freud zogwiritsira ntchito matenda opatsirana pogonana pachiyambi poyambira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito hypnosis kuti apeze njira zopanda kudziwa, pambuyo pake wodwala matenda amisala adawasiya ndikuwongolera ena ogwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'maganizo a masiku ano:

• kufufuza za zolinga za makhalidwe kudzera misonkhano yaulere ya wodwalayo;
• kutanthauzira;
• Kusanthula "kukana" ndi "kutumiza";
• kuphunzira.

Jung's Psychoanalysis

Jungian psychoanalysis kapena psychology Jung (wophunzira wokondedwa wa Z. Freud, yemwe kupweteka kwake kunayambika chifukwa cha malingaliro ake pa psychoanalysis) wadalira mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. Munthu wopanda chidziwitso mu chikhalidwe chachilendo ali mu mgwirizano.
2. Mavuto amachokera ku kusayenerera, izi zimabweretsa kuchitika kwa maofesi omwe ali ndi malingaliro okhumudwitsa, omwe amathamangitsidwa ndi psyche mosadziwa.
3. Kuwonetsa - njira yomwe wodwala amadziwira kuti ndi wapadera komanso amodzimodzi (amalimbikitsa machiritso), "njira yopitira yekha," ikuchitika mothandizidwa ndi psychoanalyst.

Lakan's psychoanalysis

Jacques Lacan ndi a French psychoanalyst, chiwerengero chodziwikiratu m'maganizo a psychoanalysis. Lacan anadzitcha Freudian ndipo nthawi zonse ankatsindika kuti chiphunzitso cha Freud sichinafotokozedwe bwino ndipo ndikofunikira kuti awerengenso malemba ake nthawi zonse kuti amvetsetse malingaliro ake. Lacan ankakonda kuphunzitsa psychoanalysis m'kamwa, pamisonkhano. Ndondomeko "Yoganiza - Yophiphiritsira - Yeniyeni" Lacan inali yofunikira:

• Zoganiza - kudzizindikiritsa munthu (galasilo siteji);
• zosiyana, ndi kuzindikira kumbali ina ya chithunzi cha Other, chomwe chiri ndi chophiphiritsira;
• zenizeni - Lacan ankakhulupirira kuti msonkhano ndi weniweni ndizotheka kudzera mu zoopsa.

Psanalyse yeniyeni

Akatswiri oganiza za maganizo a maganizo - mfundo zazikuluzikulu zidaperekedwa kwa wafilosofi wachifalansa ndi wolemba J.P. Sartre, yemwe anayambitsa atheential psychoanalysis kutsutsa ndi Freudian libido m'malo mwake anasankhidwa ndi chisankho choyambirira. Kutanthawuza kwakukulu kwa kusanthulapo kulipo ndikuti munthu ndi umphumphu, ndi tanthauzo lina, panthawi iliyonse kupanga chochita payekha pokhudzana ndi kukhalapo. Kusankha - uwu ndi umunthu weniweniwo. Chotsatira chimachokera ku chisankho.

Njira za psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis yamakono yakhala ikusintha ku kasamalidwe ka odwala, komanso njira zamankhwala zogwiritsiridwa ntchito, koma njira zofunikira zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino:

1. Njira yodziyanjana kwaulere. Wodwala wagona pabedi ndi mau onse malingaliro omwe amabwera m'maganizo.
2. Njira yotanthauzira maloto. Njira ya Z. Freud yomwe adakonda kwambiri, zomwe ananena kuti maloto ndi njira yachifumu yopanda chidziwitso.
3. Njira yotanthauzira. Njira imeneyi ikukuthandizani kubweretsa njira zopanda chidziwitso ku msinkhu wa chidziwitso. Wodwala (analysand) akunena, ndipo psychoanalyst akufufuza ndi kufotokoza tanthawuzo, lomwe liri kutsimikiziridwa, ndipo zochitika zirizonse zokhudzana ndi tanthauzo zimakumbukiridwa, kapena sizivomerezedwa ndi wodwalayo.

Chikhalidwe cha psychoanalysis

Psychodox Psychodoxysis ya munthu kapena Freudianism imachokera pazofunikira za Z. Freud. Pakadali pano, sichitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mochiritsira, makamaka ndi neo-Freudianism - kuphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana. Cholinga cha chikhalidwe cha psychoanalysis ndicho kuthetsa mkangano wamkati, makompyuta omwe amapangidwa ali aang'ono. Njira yaikulu ya Freudianism ndiyo kuyendetsedwa kwa mayanjano aufulu:

• wodwalayo amaperekedwa popanda kulingalira kuti anene chilichonse chomwe chimabwera m'maganizo mwake, ngakhale zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa manyazi;
• wothandizira amadziwa zomwe zimachokera ku chidziwitso, ndipo mawonekedwe omveka amabweretsa tanthauzo lenileni kwa wodwalayo.

Gulu la psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis mu gulu ndi mawonekedwe othandiza a mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito njira za psychoanalytic. Gulu la psychotherapy limapereka kwa:

• Kukula kwachisoni kudzera mwachisoni kwa ena a gululo, kugawa ululu wawo ndi kuvutika maganizo;
• machiritso;
• kuvomereza kwa munthu mwiniwake.

Gulu la psychoanalysis - lingaliro linayambitsidwa ndi psychoanalyst T. Barrow mu 1925. Masiku ano psychotherapy gulu ndi msonkhano kamodzi pa sabata kwa 1.5 - 2 maola. Zolinga za magulu owonetsa:

• kupanga malo otetezeka kwa mamembala a gululo, kumene mungathe kulankhula momasuka za zopweteka;
• chizindikiritso cha zobisika zowona;
• kupyolera mu kuyankhulana kwakukulu kukambirana kwa kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwapakati.

Psy-vector psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis yamakono ya munthuyo imasintha pakapita nthawi. Wolemba maganizo wa Soviet V.A. Ganzen imayambitsa mapangidwe oyenerera, pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe ophunzira ake amakhulupirira Tolkachev imapanga mitundu 8 (mitundu) ya psyche. Mpaka pano, ntchitoyi ikugwira ntchito J. Burlan. Kupitiliza kuchokera ku system-vector psychoanalysis, munthu aliyense ali ndi imodzi, imodzi mwa magulu asanu ndi atatu:

• muscular;
• molankhula;
• anal;
• zithunzi;
• chosokoneza;
• chodabwitsa;
• kumveka;
• urethral.

Mabuku pa Psychoanalysis

Kuphunzira za njira zamaganizo ndi njira zamaganizo sizingatheke popanda kuwerenga mabuku ofunika. Mabuku abwino kwambiri okhudza psychoanalysis:

1. " Mankhwala a psychoanalysis " E. Kuchokera. Nthano yolembedwa ndi a German psychoanalyst idzakhala yosangalatsa kwa ophunzira a yunivesite yothandiza anthu kuphunzira kuwerenga maganizo. E. Fromm amakumbukira zochitika zodziwika bwino zoterezi mu maganizo a maganizo monga Electra ndi Oedipus zovuta, malingaliro, zolinga za zolinga zopanda pake.
2. " Ego ndi njira zothetsera maganizo " A. Freud. Bukhuli ndi mwana wamkazi wa wotchuka wa psychoanalyst, amene anapitiriza ntchito ya atate wake m'munda wa psychoanalysis. Bukuli limalongosola njira yatsopano yowunikira mwana wamtima.
3. " Archetype ndi Symbol " ndi K.G. Jung. Mwa munthu aliyense, archetypes ya chikumbumtima chonse chabisika: Munthu, Anima ndi Animus, Shadow, Self ndi Ego.
4. " Kuthamanga ndi mimbulu " Archetype yazimayi mu nthano ndi nthano KP. Estes. Chikhalidwe cha Psychoanalytic, pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa nthano. Mlembi akuwonetsa kuti akazi amayang'ana mkati ndikupeza gawo lachirengedwe, lachilengedwe ndi losavomerezeka limene laiwalika.
5. " Wabodza pabedi " ndi I. Yal. Katswiri wina wamaganizo amatha kugwira bwino ntchito ya olemba. Zosangalatsa zamatsenga ndi nthawi zochititsa chidwi, zomwe zimachokera pazochita zawo - wowerenga amawona kuti psychoanalyst ndi munthu yemweyo ali ndi mavuto ake.

Mafilimu okhudza psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis - mutu womwe umakondweretsa otsogolera olemekezeka ambiri ndi omwe akufuna kudzidziŵa okha mafilimu amalingaliro ali ofunika kwambiri, kawirikawiri atayang'ana mafilimu amenewa, pali zidziwitso zomwe zimathandiza kuthetsa mavuto ambiri. Mafilimu okhudza psychoanalysis, oyenera kusamala:

1. "Chipinda cha mwana / La stanza del figlio" . Giovanni wa ku Italy, yemwe ali ndi maganizo a maganizo, ali ndi zonse zofunika pamoyo wake, ali ndi zofunikira pa ntchito yake, koma tsoka lachitika - mwanayo anaphedwa ndipo Giovanni akuyesera kupeza tanthauzo.
2. «Psychoanalyst / Shrink» . Henry Carter ndi katswiri wa psychoanalyst, kwa iye pa mndandanda wakuyembekezera anthu otchuka, koma moyo wake womwewo ulibe bwino. Mkazi wa Henry amatha kudzipha, ndipo psychoanalyst amatsimikiza kuti sangathe kuthandiza odwala ake.
3. "Njira Yowopsa . " Zilembedwe za filimuyi zimachokera pa zenizeni ndi zotsutsana pakati pa Z. Freud, wophunzira wake K. Jung ndi Sabina Spielrein wodwalayo.
4. "Odwala / Mu Chithandizo" . Mndandanda, mndondomeko iliyonse yomwe ili gawo la psychotherapy, pogwiritsira ntchito njira zamakono komanso psychoanalysis pakati pawo. Firimuyi idzakhala yothandiza kwa akatswiri a maganizo ndi anthu omwe amaganizira za maganizo.
5. "Pamene Nietzsche analira . " Firimuyi yokhudzana ndi mapangidwe a psychoanalysis ku Ulaya, ikuchokera m'buku lodziwika bwino la wotchuka wa Hungarian psychoanalyst Irvin Yalom.