Kachilombo ka HIV kamagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza njira zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa mimba ndi kupewa chitukuko cha mimba. Pali njira zambiri ndi mitundu yotetezera. Komabe, si njira zonse zothandizira kubereka ndizothandiza komanso zogwirizana.
Mndandanda wa njira za kulera
Nthawi zonse madokotala amalingalira za kulera monga gawo la dongosolo la kulera. Ndi chithandizo chake, n'zotheka kuthetsa mlingo wa kubadwa, ndipo kutenga njira zothandizira ana kumakhala ndi thanzi la amayi. Choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuchotsa mimba - chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda opatsirana pogonana. Kuonjezera apo, njira zothandizira kulera ndizowongolera njira yoyambira mimba.
Njira zatsopano za kulera zimapewa njira zotengera kubereka. Kawirikawiri ndi chithandizo chawo n'zotheka kupeŵa kutupa, kusokonekera kwa msambo . Malingana ndi chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito, njira zamakono za kulera zingathe kukhazikitsidwa motsatira izi:
- zipangizo za intrauterine;
- choletsa;
- zachilengedwe;
- chithandizo;
- opaleshoni.
Kulera kwachibadwa
Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza njira zomwe zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi zipangizo. Njirayi imachokera pa kuchotsa kugonana mu masiku owopsa - nthawi ya ovulation mu thupi lachikazi. Chifukwa chaichi, nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa kuti njira ya kalendala. Kuchita bwino kungakhale kuyambira 6 mpaka 40 pa liwu la Perl (chiwerengero cha mimba chomwe chinachitika pasanathe chaka chimodzi mwa amayi 100 omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito njirayi).
Njira ya kalendala ya kulera imachokera pa kuzindikira nthawi ya ovulation mu thupi. Izi zimachitika pozungulira pakatikati. Kotero, ndi ulendo wa masiku 28, uwu ndi tsiku la 14. Chifukwa chakuti kusintha kwake sikukhala kosalekeza, malire a nyengo yachonde imasinthidwa kumapeto kwa masiku awiri. Taganizirani za moyo wa spermatozoa - masiku 4 mutatha kugonana. Chifukwa cha zinthu izi, ndi kuzungulira kwa masiku 28, mwayi wokhala ndi pakati ndi wochokera pa 8 mpaka 17. Ngati njirayi ikhale yosasunthika, kuyambira nthawi yaying'ono imachotsa masiku 11, ndipo kuyambira nthawi yayitali - masiku 18.
Pali njira zina zochepetsera zochepetsera:
- kusintha mu basal kutentha (kumawonjezera ndi ovulation);
- kusokoneza kugonana monga njira ya kulera sikulingaliridwa, koma kumachitika pakati pa okwatirana;
- kufufuza kwa kusagwirizana kwa chiberekero cha khomo lachiberekero (kuwonjezeka kwa voli ndi kuwonjezera).
Njira zothetsera kulera
Njira zamakono zothandizira kulera zapita patsogolo, koma nthawi zambiri okwatirana amagwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yakale - cholepheretsa. Zimachokera pakupanga chopinga mu njira ya umuna kwa dzira. Kawirikawiri gulu ili limatchedwa makina. Njira zotetezera ku mimba ndi izi:
- kondomu;
- chipewa cha khola ;
- vaginja.
Makondomu ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, omwe nthawi zambiri amawatcha kuti amuna abambo. Komabe, palinso makondomu a akazi - thumba laling'ono lopangidwa ndi latex. Pamphepete pamakhala mphete ziwiri, imodzi mwa izo imalowetsedwa mukazi ndi kuika pa khosi, ndipo yachiwiri imachotsedwa. Mwanjira iyi, chovuta chimapangidwira spermatozoa.
Kachilombo ka Hormonal
Mwa njira zomwe zilipo kale zothandizira kutenga mimba, njira za kulera za mahomoni zakhala zotchuka kwambiri. Izi ndi chifukwa cha kuchepetsa ntchito ndi kupezeka. Pofuna kupewa mimba, mayi amafunika kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo (kawirikawiri mapiritsi) malinga ndi kachitidwe kena panthawi yomweyo. Monga gawo la kukonzekera pali estrogenic ndi gestagenic zigawo zikuluzikulu.
Njira zambiri zokhudzana ndi kulera zofanana ndi zomwe zimatetezera zimayambitsa chisokonezo cha kukula kwa uterine endometrium. Pakati pa njira zothandizira kulandira mahomoni ndizozoloŵera kusiyanitsa mitundu iyi:
1. kuphatikiza (estrogen-progestational):
- molankhula ;
- zida;
- malingaliro achikazi;
- maola aŵiri (tizilombo toyambitsa matenda).
2. Implants.
3. Kupweteka.
Kulera Mankhwala
Njira zothandizira kuteteza mimba zimachokera ku kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera omwe amawononga umuna. Zinthu zimenezi (spermicides) zimawononga maselo a maselo aumuna, omwe amatsogolera ku imfa yawo. Monga spermicides, mankhwala opatsirana pogonana amakhalanso ndi benzalkonium chloride.
Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti njirayi ndi yaing'ono - mndandanda wa mapepala a Perl kuyambira 6 mpaka 20. Spermicides akupezeka pamsika wamagetsi amaperekedwa motere:
- suppositories,
- makandulo,
- mazira,
- mavitamini,
- mafilimu.
Izi zimapereka ndalama kwa amayi kuti alowe mmbuyo musanayambe kugonana kumalo akumtunda kwa mkazi (maminiti 10-20 musanayambe kugonana). Pafupipafupi atangoyang'anira ntchito, wogwira ntchitoyo amasonyeza njira ya kulera. Kugonana kobwerezabwereza kumafuna kulengeza kwina kwa ndalama zotere, chifukwa zimakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa. Madokotala amalangiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoperekera njira zogwirira ntchito monga njira zina, mwachitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kulera.
Kuchepetsa kulera
Njira yopaleshoni ya kulera, yotchedwa kuperewera, ndiyo njira yodalirika yoteteza mimba. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa amuna ndi akazi. Pamene amalisecheza amayi, madokotala amachititsa kuti ziphuphu zowonongeka zisokonezeke. Chifukwa chake, umuna umakhala wosatheka. Mankhwala opaleshoni opanga opaleshoni amachitika mwa kudutsa vas deferens, chifukwa chake palibe spermatozoa mu ejaculate.
Kutsekemera ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yoberekera. Mimba ikhoza kuthekera nthawi zambiri ndipo imayamba chifukwa cha kuphwanya njira yothandizira opaleshoni. Nthaŵi zina kubwezeretsa ziphuphu zimatha - kubwezeretsa patency. Njira iyi ndi yosasinthika, kotero siyikugwiranso ntchito kwa amayi a msinkhu wobereka.
Njira zachangu zobereka
Chodzidzimutsa kapena chiberekero chimatanthawuza za njira imeneyi, zomwe zingathandize kupewa mimba pambuyo pochita kugonana popanda chitetezo. Njira izi zothandizira kubereka zimateteza kutenga pakati pa nthawi ya umuna kapena kubzala. Amanena kuti kuyambitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamadzimadzi m'thupi, komwe kumapangitsa kuti maselo a endometrium awonongeke komanso amachititsa magazi (kusakonzekera msambo).
Kupewa kotereku kumaphatikizapo kulandila mtundu wa mankhwala ozunguza bongo. Madokotala amatsutsana kwambiri ndi momwe ntchitoyi imagwiritsidwira ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndipo sawalimbikitsa kwa atsikana omwe sanaberekepo. Gwiritsani ntchito njira zoberekera mwadzidzidzi nthawi zovuta kwambiri:
- pamene kondomu ikuphwanyidwa;
- atagwiriridwa;
- pamene njira zina sizingatheke.
Njira zoberekera atabereka
Poganizira njira zothandizira pakulera atabereka, madokotala amadziwa njira yeniyeni yotetezera - chimbudzi chachipatala. Ndi mazira opatsa mphamvu, akuyamwitsa, kuchuluka kwa prolactini kumapangidwa, komwe kumalepheretsa kuvuta. Njirayi imatha kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ngati mwanayo akugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Njira yachiwiri yowonjezera ndiyo kukhazikitsa mzere. Ndondomeko ikuchitika pambuyo kubwezeretsa chiberekero. Amayi ndi njira zamakono za kulera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: kutsamba kutsuka, madzi a mandimu.
Njira zothandiza kwambiri za kulera
Sizingatheke kuti adziwe njira zabwino kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito njira zoberekera ndi madokotala. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti thupi lirilonse liri lokha ndipo palibe njira zonse komanso njira. Kusankhidwa kwa njira ya kulera kuyenera kuchitidwa payekha, pamodzi ndi dokotala, atatha kupitiliza kufufuza bwinobwino njira ya kubereka.
Njira za kulera kwa amayi
Atsikana ambiri amasankha mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga njira zothandiza komanso zamakono za kulera. Mankhwalawa alipo, ophweka kugwiritsa ntchito, amalekerera bwino ndi thupi. Kutsekemera, monga njira yodalirika yowalera, sikugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Azimayi ambiri amafuna kukwanitsa kanthawi kochepa ndipo samataya mwayi wokhala mayi ngati akufuna. Mwa njira zambiri mwa amayi:
- chipangizo cha intrauterine;
- kondomu;
- spermicides.
Njira za kulera kwa amuna
Poyamba pakati pa amuna pakati pa njira za kulera - choletsa (kondomu). Kupeza, prostate yogwiritsira ntchito, kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yotchuka kwambiri. Amayi ambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu zogonana nthawi zonse zoberekerazi amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi. Komabe, palinso njira zina zothandizira njira za kulera kwa amuna, pakati pawo:
- hormonal mankhwala (androgens ndi antiandrogens);
- Kuika mkati mwachindunji - maboule okhala ndi androgens, omwe amaikidwa ndi dokotala opaleshoni pansi pa khungu, amatsimikiza mkati mwa masabata awiri-4;
- kuperewera kwa madzi.