Dyslexia - ndi chiyani, anthu otchuka omwe ali ndi dyslexia

Dyslexia - ndi chiyani: matenda, kusamvetsetsana kapena kusagwirizana ndi ntchito za mbali zina za ubongo? Pazifukwa zonse, dyslexia ndi munthu - madokotala amakhulupirira. Malingana ndi ziwerengero, kwa anyamata asanu omwe akuvutika ndi kuphwanya izi, pali mtsikana mmodzi. Pakati pa dzanja lamanzere la dyslexics kuposa anthu oyenera.

Dyslexia - ndi chiyani?

Kuwonetsedwa kwa kuzindikira zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana, zizindikiro, ndi chifukwa chake, kutuluka kwa zovuta kumvetsetsa - monga momwe ziwonetsedwere ndi dyslexia, mu mayiko a zachipatala a ICD - 10. Mawu akuti "dyslexia" a Chigiriki choyambirira ndi olakwira , mawu amodzi. Dyslexics ndi anthu omwe amavutika kuti aphunzire luso lowerenga, kulemba. Dyslexia yowululidwa kwa akuluakulu ndi chisonyezero cha kusakwanira mosamalitsa kukonza kwa matenda mu ubwana.

Zifukwa za dyslexia

Dyslexia imapezeka pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi nzeru zokwanira (mpaka 5%), ndipo ali ndi zizindikiro za kukula kwa maganizo (25-50%). Njira za dyslexia sizidziwikiratu kwa akatswiri, koma udindo waukulu pa zochitikazo ndizo choloŵa choloŵa chobadwa ndi chibadwa chokhala ndi chisokonezo (mu 70% ya milandu). Zina mwazifukwa zina zimayambitsa dyslexia:

• Zinthu zokhudzana ndi ubongo - ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa gyrus pakati pa nthawi yayitali zimachepetsa;
• Kuphwanya muyeso pakati pa azimayi;
• mtundu woganiza moyenera ;
• mimba yovuta ndi matenda (rubella, herpes, chikuku) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni (kusuta, mowa, mankhwala);
• zovuta za ntchito: fetal asphyxia, chitetezo msanga wa placenta;
• zoopsa, matenda aakulu (kuthamanga kwa mimba);
• Zosagwirizana ndi anthu: kudzipatula matenda, kulankhulana kwabwino , banja losasangalala, kusamvetsetsa mwachiphunzitso kapena kutengeka kwambiri.

Dyslexia - zizindikiro

Kuzindikira za matendawa kungayambitse mavuto ndipo kumakhala chizindikiro chokwanira cha matenda aakulu. Makolo, aphunzitsi amatha kuzindikira mavuto apadera a mwanayo pa maphunziro, chifukwa chake akuchezera katswiri. Pankhaniyi, nkofunika kumvetsera: chiwerengero cha nzeru zimagwirizana ndi zaka zambiri. Zizindikiro za dyslexia:

• zovuta pakuphunzira zilembo;
• makalata, mawu, nambala - onani mosiyana;
• Kulemba mwa kulemba, kuwerenga;
• zolepheretsa kuzimveka;
• kukumbukira koipa kwa maina, manambala, ingowerengani malemba;
• kuwerenga mawu pang'onopang'ono ndi kupuma kwakukulu ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa makalata, zilembo m'mawu;
• mawerengedwe a masamu amaimira zovuta;
• kuzindikira mosayenera makalata opereka zofanana;
• Kuwerenga mzere woyamba walemba kungakhale kolondola, koma ndi mzere wotsatila malingaliro akutayika;
• kupsinjika kwamtima (mkwiyo, mkwiyo);
• pokhala wamkulu: zovuta kufotokoza malingaliro, kulephera kukumbukira misewu, masiku;
• Kuphwanyidwa kwa malo ndi zochitika m'munda: pamwamba-pansi, kumanzere-kumanzere - zosiyana kwambiri.

Mitundu ya dyslexia

Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino sikutanthauza kukhalapo kwa mawonetseredwe onse, ndipo zizindikiro zimadalira, choyamba, pa mtundu wa matenda. Akatswiri adadziŵa mitundu yotsatira ya dyslexia:

1. Agrammatical dyslexia - yodziwika ndi mawu osasinthika, yomanga grammatical sentence: nthawi, milandu, mapeto amavomerezana molakwika: "Ndikufuna kupita ku msewu," "motley cat."
2. Phonemic (acoustic) dyslexia ndi yofala pakati pa ana ang'onoang'ono. Pali kukonzanso kwa zida, chisakanizo cha makalata pa chinthu chimodzi chodziwikiratu m'mawu ofanana ndi kupotoza kwa chiganizo cha mawu (com-house-house, bwenzi-bwalo, pine-pampu, tayala yathu).
3. Dyslexia yachinsinsi - ndi mawonekedwe awa, pali zovuta pakuzindikira makalata mu mawu kapena mawu oyankhulidwa.
4. Dyslexia ya Semantic - kuwerenga sikuli kovuta, koma "mechanical" ndipo liwu lililonse limadziwika kukhala lokhalokha kuchokera palemba lonse ndipo tanthauzo la dyslexic silingathe kufotokozedwa.
5. Dyslexia yoonekera - imadziwonetsera mwa njira zosiyanasiyana: kutsekemera powerenga mndandanda wina, kuwonetsera kuwerenga (kuyambira kumanja kupita kumanzere), kusamvetsetsa makalata okhala ndi zinthu zofanana, koma ndi malo osiyanasiyana (I-N-P).
6. Dyslexia yachangu imakhala yofanana ndi dyslexia , koma ndi yapadera kwa anthu akhungu. Powerenga mabuku a Braille, zala zazing'ono zimagwedezeka ku mizere ina, chisokonezo cha makalata okhala ndi zofanana.

Dyslexia ndi dysgraphia

Dyslexia ndi matenda omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mavuto ena. Kunyansidwa ndi kuphwanya mawu olembedwa. Pamene akulemba mawuwo ndi mwanayo, zidazo zimasinthidwanso, makalatawo amalembedwa pagalasi. Malembo olembedwa ali ndi zolakwa, kusowa kwa zilembo zazikulu ndi zilembo zamakalata. Dysgraphia ikhoza kukhala matenda osadziimira, nzeru pa nthawi yomweyo, komanso ndi dyslexia.

Kuchiza kwa dyslexia

Makhalidwe apadera a mankhwala osokoneza bongo a dyslexia salipo. Poyamba matendawa amadziwika, ntchito zosiyana zitha kuchitidwa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yabwino. Kukonzekera kwa dyslexia kumachitidwa ndi wolankhula, ndipo ali ndi matenda opatsirana, wodwala matenda a ubongo, wodwala matenda a maganizo, katswiri wa odwala matenda opatsirana. Pulogalamu yokonzekera ikuphatikizapo zochitika zotsatirazi:

• kugwira ntchito ndi kulepheretsa soundproofing;
• pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kayendedwe ka grammatical;
• pa chitukuko cha kukumbukira komanso kukumbukira ;
• pa kuphatikizidwa kwa zithunzi ndi zowoneka bwino.

Anthu otchuka omwe ali ndi dyslexia

Dyslexia - matenda a nzeru zapamwamba, pali lingaliro pakati pa akatswiri ena - munthu angatsimikizire za izi mwa kuphunzira zolemba za anthu otchuka omwe akudwala matenda, zomwe sizinalepheretse kupambana, kukhala otchuka mu ntchito ndi zosangalatsa za anthu. Dyslexia pakati pa anthu otchuka omwe agonjetsa maofesi awo, ndipo amatumikira monga chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri, kuti sayenera kukhumudwa kwa ena:

1. Vladimir Mayakovsky - wolemba ndakatulo wolemekezeka wa Soviet amene anavutika kuwerenga, anali "kusagwirizana" ndi zizindikiro.
2. Keanu Reeves - ali mwana, adachotsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cholephera kuwerenga bwino, anzake a m'kalasi adamuyesa wopusa.
3. Quentin Tarantino - wolamulira wamkulu komanso wonyengerera komanso wochita masewero, adanyozedwa ndi anzako, akuphunzitsa kuti anapatsidwa movutikira.
4. Cher - kusukulu anakumana ndi mavuto powerenga, kulemba ndi zovuta posiyanitsa chiwerengero cha 6-9.
5. Keira Knightley - matenda adaphunzitsa ojambula kudziletsa ndi kupirira pakugonjetsa mavuto.

Dyslexia - mabuku

Dyslexia - ndi chiyani komanso kuchotsa dyslexia kwa munthu wamkulu payekha. Mafunso onsewa akukwera m'mabuku a dyslexia:

1. Mphatso ya Dyslexia ya R. Davis
2. "Mphatso Yophunzira" R. Davis
3. "Correction of agramatic dyslexia" E. Mazanova
4. "Dyslexia kapena Chifukwa ..." T. Voronina
5. "Dyslexia ya ubongo. Kunja kwa T. Goguadze