Cocaine m'malo mwa kupweteka kwambiri ndi kuchiza ndi mercury: madokotala kwa zaka zambiri adabisala kwa ife choonadi chonse chokhudza mankhwala kuchipatala!
M'makona a mbiri ya anthu, tikhoza kupeza mfundo zachilendo, zomwe zimatchulidwa zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kudodometsedwa moona mtima pakati pa anthu. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, njira zamankhwala, zomwe kale zidatchuka ndi akatswiri azachipatala zaka zambiri zapitazo, lero zimawoneka ngati zonyansidwa kwenikweni ndi anthu odwala omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito.
1. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa cocaine ndi opiamu monga analgesic
Inde, mankhwala osokoneza bongo akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madokotala nthawi zambiri. Koma ngati tsopano ali ndi ndalama zowonongeka, ndiye kuti wotchuka kwambiri pamayambiriro a zaka zapitazo - cocaine, adalamulidwa kuti awonongeke, akumva kupweteka pang'ono, kupweteka. Ku Cocaine kunayamba kutchuka, chifukwa katswiri wina wa ku Austria, Karl Kohler, anapeza mankhwala ake osokoneza bongo ndipo anandiuza kuti akuluakulu a boma azigulitsa mwachangu mankhwala a cocaine pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mu pharmacies a America amatha kugula masentimita asanu ndi awiri, ndipo motero adakhala wotchuka ngakhale pakati pa akapolo akuda. Amayi awo anasangalala ndi momwe mankhwalawa amagwirira ntchito pa iwo. Ndipo osati iwo okha: ndale asayansi a theka la zana la XX analemba kuti:
"Cocaine imalimbikitsa mzimu wa Amereka ndi mphamvu zawo."
2. Kudya mercury
Nkhani yoyamba yomwe Mercury imathandiza kwambiri thupi la munthu, lopangidwa ndi Aigupto akale. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti mankhwala owopsa amatha kuthamangitsa mzimu woipa kuchokera ku thupi kapena kufooketsa ozunzidwawo ndipo amachititsa odwala onse kumwa mercury ndipo amachititsa kuti amatsenga amphamvu azikhala nawo. Mu Middle Ages, mafaniwo sanathe kuchepetsa: M'malo mwake, pakubwera kwa matenda opatsirana, mercury monga mankhwala kachiwiri anakhala ofunika. Akuti adathandiza kuchotsa "matenda okondweretsa" - syphilis. Malinga ndi madokotala a m'mbuyomu, mfundo yakuti wodwala sanalolere mankhwalawa ndi poizoni kwambiri, anatsimikizira kuti posachedwapa adzachira. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pafupifupi odwala onse anafa, ndipo opulumuka - anadwala matenda a maganizo.
3. Kutsegula
Hippocrates, mmodzi mwa madokotala wotchuka kwambiri akale, anabwera ndi chiphunzitso chokhwima kuti mu thupi laumunthu, manyowa ndi bile ayenera kukhala ofanana mofanana. Chifukwa cha matenda onse omwe amadziwika ndi iye, amakhulupirira kuphwanya kwazomweku, zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa poika magazi ndi mpeni. Ngakhale kuti wodwalayo sanapulumutsidwe pokhapokha ndondomekoyi sinalepheretse Hippocrates ndi otsatila ake omwe adazizira mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1400.
4. Hydrotherapy
M'zaka za XVI-XVII achinyamata anyamata ndi anyamata ambiri omwe amafalitsidwa motere mwa njira imeneyi yotsutsana ndi ntchito za kuntchito, maukwati osagwirizana ndi maphunziro, monga amatsenga. Madokotala ogwira ntchito nthawi yomweyo anapanga njira yothandizira amanyazi: wodwala kapena munthu wodwala anaikidwa mu kabati la madzi ozizira kapena kutsanulira kuchokera kumutu mpaka kumapazi. Mankhwalawa anali ogwira mtima, koma anachita chifukwa chakuti palibe amene ankafuna kumva maganizo amenewa kachiwiri.
5. Kugwiritsa ntchito mbewa zakufa komanso kupanga mankhwala ochiritsira
Nyama m'mayiko ambiri nthawi zosiyana zimakhala ngati mankhwala kwa anthu. Mu nthawi ya Elizabethan ku England, madokotala anaganiza kuti makoswe akufa ali ndi katundu wobwezeretsa ndi machiritso. Mankhwala odulidwa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti atsegule mabala, ndipo mkati mwake ankagwiritsa ntchito phala kuchokera m'mimba mwawo kuti athetse dzino la mano kapena kusinthitsa.
6. Kusakanikirana kwa matenda ndi nyama
M'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 1900, dokotala wa opaleshoni wa ku Russia dzina lake Serge Voronoff anakakamizika kupita ku France, chifukwa anzake ogwira ntchito ku tsarist Russia sankagwirizana ndi maganizo ake opaleshoni. Serge ankakhulupirira kuti iye adayambitsa njira zake zokhalira ziwalo zoberekera zamwamuna, kupereka oimira chigonjetso cholimba kwachinyamata wachiwiri. Poyambirira anayesa kukopera mitsempha ya omwe adaphedwa ndi olemera, koma analephera pa amuna ogona, koma njirayi sinali yogwira ntchito. Serge anasamukira ku Paris, kumene iye mwiniyo amafalitsa nthano yakuti kupatsirana kwa makoswewo kudzabwezeretsa thupi ndikukweza mlingo wa potency. Tsopano adayika nyani, koma odwala mwakachetechete anazindikira mofulumira kuti zozizwitsa sizichitika.
7. Orgasmotherapy
Zolemba zoyambirira zinali zopangidwa osati zosangalatsa zachikazi. M'zaka za zana la XIX, madokotala amakhulupirira kuti kugonana kwachiwerewere kungachiritse mkazi wonyengerera ndi kugwidwa. Choyamba iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito mafuta a masamba pa ziwalo za odwala ndi kuwasakaniza mpaka atsikanawo atafika pamimba. Koma madokotala adayamba kudandaula mozama kuti njirayi ikuwopseza kwambiri - ndipo asayansi anawathandiza. Mankhwala, ndipo kenako magwiritsidwe a kugonana ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi anathetsa kufunika kwa ntchito "yopangira".
8. Mdzenje wa njoka
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, matenda osamvetsetseka, madokotala amachitira chinyengo, akukhulupirira kuti, atangotulutsa mizimu yoyipa, mutha kuyambitsa mpumulo. Kuti awawopsyeze, odwalawo sanatsanuliridwa ndi madzi ozizira kapena anapatsidwa mercury: osadziwika kwambiri anali njira yosungira munthu pa dzenje ndi njoka zamphepo. Zinkaganiziridwa kuti mizimu idzawopsedwa ndi iwo ndi kusiya thupi la womenyedwa mofulumira.
9. Kugwedezeka kwa magetsi
Thandizo la electroconvulsive ndi lochititsa mantha kwambiri kuti likhoza kuwonetseratu mu filimu iliyonse yachiwiri yowopsya. Iwo anali kufalikira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, pamene odwala m'mabungwe opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito matenda tsiku ndi tsiku ankawombera magetsi kudzera mthupi. Poyesa kuchita izi, madokotala anali achinyengo - adzipangitsa kuti zikhale zophweka, osati kwa odwala. "Mankhwala" amasiku ambiri omwe ali ndi magetsi omwe adasokonezedwa ndi magetsi anawasandutsa kukhala anthu osafooka, omwe sanayenera kuyang'anira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa mankhwala okwera mtengo kwa iwo.
10. Lobotomy
Masiku ano, zimakhala zovuta kukhulupirira kuti lobotomy, komanso electroshock therapy, nthawiyomwe ankayesa njira yopititsira patsogolo mankhwala. Kwa dokotala yemwe adalenga, Egash Monish wa Chipwitikizi anapatsidwa ngakhale Nobel Prize. Iye adatha kutsimikizira gulu lonse la sayansi kuti pochotsa zovuta za ubongo zimatha kuthetsa vuto la matenda a mitsempha.
Dokotala Wachimereka Walter Freeman adasankha lingaliro lake ndipo anayamba kuyendetsa galimoto kuzungulira dzikoli pa "lobotomobile", akupereka ntchito yofulumira kwa onse omwe akuvutika ndi kuvutika maganizo ndi zovuta zina za dongosolo la manjenje. Walter sanadule lobes: Anayambitsa mpeni kuti ayambe kusuntha chisanu ndi diso lake ndikudula mitsempha ya mitsempha. Mu mzinda uli wonse ku US kumene adayendera, panali anthu omwe amawoneka ngati akufa, osakhoza kuganiza bwino. Pambuyo pachisokonezo chachikulu, njirayi inafulumira.