Kukhalapo kwaumunthu kwa munthu kumadalira malamulo omwe amayang'aniridwa ndi zaka ndi makolo. Kusintha kwa malamulo amenewa sikungapeŵe ndipo kumayambitsa maumboni angapo. M'dziko lamakono, ufulu wolongosola momwe dziko lapansi likuwonera liri lotseguka - chizoloŵezi, mzere pakati pa kusunga chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi kuwonetsa chidziwitso cha kuopseza ndi kovuta kwambiri.
Kodi kupha anthu ndi chiyani?
Mawu akuti "xenophobia" ali ndi magawo awiri "xenos" - m'Chigiriki amatanthawuza kuti ali osakhala, osatsutsika, ndi "phobos" - mantha. Pali malingaliro oterowo a mantha opanda nzeru omwe sakudziwa kapena osasintha, kwa munthu wina, miyambo. Kuda tsankho ndikumverera kwa chidani komanso kusagwirizana ndi maganizo a wina, chikhalidwe, komanso kudana ndi chikhalidwe chakunja-njira yonyenga yakukonda dziko.
Kodi chiopsezo choopsa cha anthu ndi chiyani?
Pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kukwiya kosautsa kwa anthu akunja kungakhale koopsa kwambiri - kuopseza anthu kuopseza ngati chitetezo cha chitetezo, kungakhale ngati chitsimikizo cha maganizo kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri. M'mbiri ya anthu amasiku ano pali umboni wotsimikizira kuti zikuchitika nkhondo zotsutsana ndi zizindikiro zowonongeka. Kugawidwa kwa anthu kukhala "waumwini" ndi "otayika" ndi kusiyana kwa fuko kapena fuko kulibe kovomerezeka, koma okalamba alipo.
Chiwawa cha mdziko muno
Kuwonongedwa kwa zikumbutso za chikhalidwe ndi zonyansa ndizochepa zomwe zimavulaza maganizo a anthu odzudzula. Zikudziwika kuti kupha anthu ndikumenyana kwapachiweniweni komwe kunayambira pamphepete mwa chidani kwa anthu ena, nkhondo ndi chiwawa, pamene munthu wotsutsana ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana amatha kuwononga munthu wina, kuwonetsa zochita zake mwamakhalidwe - kufotokoza mdani mwa munthu aliyense popanda maziko pazochitika zinazake.
Kusagwirizana kwachipembedzo
Phobia mwa mtundu uliwonse - mantha amantha , amachititsa anthu kukhala opanda nzeru ndi zopusa, amapanga malingaliro opotoka a dziko lozungulira. Asayansi akulongosola kuti pakuchitika mgwirizano wa mbiriyakale - nkhondo, kugonjetsedwa, kusintha kwa miyambo, chikhalidwe cha anthu odwala matenda a chibadwa angapangidwe. Akatswiri a zamaganizo amanena kuti kugonana kwachilombo kumawopsa. Zimavomerezedwa kugawaniza dziko ngatilo ku mitundu yofala yokhudzana ndi chiopsezo:
- mtundu;
- chipembedzo;
- gawo;
- mtundu;
- banja;
- chikhalidwe.
Kugonjera ndikumenyana kosasangalatsa, ngati kukuwonekera poyera, anthu kapena mayiko akhoza kuvutika. Palinso kuopseza, komwe kawirikawiri kumawonetseredwa:
- Kugonana ndi maganizo osakondana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
- Ageism - kuyankha molakwika kwa anthu a msinkhu.
- Kulemala - kusalidwa kwa munthu ndi luso la thupi - kulemala.
Chiwawa ndi tsankho
Kukhumudwa kwa mtundu wa munthu kumtundu wake kumatchedwa tsankho. Kuda nkhanza za mitundu ndi mantha ndi nkhanza kwa wina aliyense, kupsinjika kwa makhalidwe ndi kunyansidwa, kunyalanyaza kwa munthu pa dziko lonse lapansi, pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa khungu, chipembedzo, chikhalidwe, chiyankhulo. M'mbuyomu, pali zitsanzo zomwe zidagawaniza anthu kukhala "apamwamba" ndi "otsika" mafuko, kumene chizindikiro cha dziko chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chigamulo - munthu anawonongedwa.
Chiwawa ndi Kuopsa Kwambiri
Mawu akuti "kusokoneza" amachokera ku French, potanthauzira amatanthawuza - kutalika, ndiko kuti, kumatanthawuzira malire pa ziweruzo ndi zochita. Maganizo oopsa kwa alendo akunena za vuto lachiwawa. Zolinga zaumulungu zimapangitsa anthu kukhala mwamantha chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya anthu, kuwagwirizanitsa ndi kusokoneza miyezo ya anthu ena - amadyetsa chidani ndi makhalidwe omwe si a chikhalidwe m'dziko lopatsidwa, maganizo omwe amavomerezedwa.
Chiwawa ndi chiwawa
Chauvinism ndi chidwi chokwera pamwamba pa mayiko ena, omwe nthawi zambiri amawombera kuti awonetsere kuti akuponderezedwa ndi mitundu ina, osakondwera ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu. Maganizo okhudzana ndi chiwerewere omwe amatchulidwa kwambiri ndi chauvinism, ndiwo magwero ochitapo kanthu, motsutsana ndi mitundu ina - chifukwa chotsutsa khalidwe, kuwonongeka kwa thupi.
Chiwawa ndi dziko
Khalidwe lachikunja - kukonda maiko, mafuko ndi miyambo ya makolo awo ndi anthu awo, kudzikuza pa zomwe anthu akukwanitsa kuchita padziko lonse lapansi. Kusokonezeka kwadziko kapena kunama kwachinyengo - kuwonetsa kwa anthu odzudzula, kukana anthu ndi makhalidwe abwino omwe amasonyeza khalidwe laukali, zochita. Munthu amakana ndikumunyalanyaza munthu wina, ngakhale pamene akuoneka kuti ndi wamkulu kuposa "mlendo", amanyalanyaza makhalidwe ake abwino, amawononga ulemu wake poyera chifukwa cha osakhala a "anthu" ake.
Khalidwe lachiwonetsero muwonetseredwe kowona alibe malingaliro amwano kwa anthu ena, zipembedzo. Cholinga cha dzikoli ndicho chikondi chachikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, miyambo ya dziko. Ubwenzi wapadziko lonse ndi wovomerezeka, kwa munthu woteroyo - njira yosonyezera ndi kusonyeza ulemu wa anthu ake ndi zokopa za dziko.
Kupirira ndi kuopa
Mawu oti "kulekerera" amatanthawuza kuleza mtima, poyerekeza ndi chiwawa, akhoza kufotokozedwa ngati chiyanjano chovomerezeka kwa alendo, dziko lachilendo, chikhalidwe chosadziwika ndi makhalidwe abwino, miyambo ya chikhalidwe. Munthu aliyense ali ndi malire ake enieni kwa mlendo. Kulimbanirana ndi chiopsezo kumatanthawuza kuti munthu wokana kulowa usilikali sakuona ngati mdani, koma monga mdani, woimira anthu ena omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana pazofanana, njira yosiyana ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe.
Kugonana kwaukali kungachititse munthu kulekerera chikhalidwe china, kuyesa kukwiyitsa kapena kunyalanyaza. Kukhazikitsa nkhanza anthu onse omwe amamuzungulira kuti asamachite zinthu zosayenera pamaso pake, kuchititsa mantha amantha poyerekeza ndi munthu wina. Xenophobes amawoneka ngati anthu amalingaliro ndi magulu a mawonekedwe, sangathe kutsutsana ndi munthu wololera ndi anthu ambiri.
Chiopsezo - momwe mungachitire?
Muzu wa khalidwe loopsa la chiopsezo pakati pa anthu akhoza kukhala mtundu wotsutsana, ndale, kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu. Nthaŵi zina, chifukwa cha zochitikazo ndizozikumbukiro zolakwika zakale. Anaphunzira zambiri zokhudza ubwana - kuyankhulana ndi ena sikuletsedwa - kungapangitse anthu kukhala osadziwika.
Akatswiri a zamaganizo amalimbikitsa kuti amenyane ndi chiwawa monga matenda a maganizo , munthu ayenera kuzindikira kuti udindo wake kwa ena, wopanda nzeru, umalepheretsa kumanga maubwenzi komanso kulankhulana bwino. Maphunziro a maganizo a m'maganizo ndi mafotokozedwe ofotokozera amalola kuthetsa mantha oopsa komanso tsankho kwa anthu osadziŵa.