Maganizo, zomverera ndi zizindikiro zimathandiza kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu. Zinthu zambiri, zinthu, zozizwitsa za dziko lino zimatha kokha kukhudzana ndi kumverera. Sensualism imaona moyo waumunthu monga wokha woona, ndi kuzindikira ndi kuganizira zokhazokha pa zomwe adalandira.
Kodi Sensationalism ndi chiyani?
Sensualism ndi chimodzi mwa zochitika za chidziwitso cha anthu, zomwe zinachokera ku maganizo a akatswiri achifilosofi Achigiriki omwe amakhulupirira kuti njira yowonjezereka ndi yodalirika ya chidziwitso ndikumverera ndi kumverera. Sensualism (Chilatini chachingaliro cha Latin sensus) chinagawanika kukhala chokwanira komanso chokwanira (nthawi zina, mphamvu ya malingaliro inavomerezedwa). Monga chiphunzitso, kudzikonda kwambiri kunayamba kutchuka kwambiri mufilosofi ndipo kunali ndi zotsatirazi:
- zochitika zonse zakunja, chidziwitso, malingaliro amalandira kokha kupyolera mu zowawa;
- Zobadwa zowoneka palibe, lingaliro ndi "bolodi loyera";
- chifukwa palibe chirichonse chomwe sichikanati chichitikepo mu mphamvu;
- dziko lakunja ndilo gwero la chidziwitso;
- malingaliro ali ndi tanthauzo lokha lokha.
Sensualism mu Psychology
Maganizo ndi maudindo okhudzidwa mtima anali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa sayansi ya maganizo ya m'zaka za zana la XVIII. Katswiri wa zaumoyo wa ku Germany ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo Wilhelm Wundt anayamba kuyambitsa maganizo oyesera: anaika mayesero, ntchito yomwe inali kudziwitsa zoyambira, zomwe akatswiri a zomangamanga aumunthu amapanga . Sensualism mu psychology ndi paradigm akuchokera ku chiphunzitso chafilosofi, kuphunzira moyo wamaganizo ndi chikhulupiliro choyambirira pa malingaliro achidziwitso. M'tsogolomu, kugonana kwachisamaliro kunasandulika kukhala associative psychology.
Sensualism mu filosofi
Filosofi yachikale, yochokera ku Greece yakale, inali yotchuka chifukwa cha masukulu ndi mafunde osiyanasiyana omwe amakhudza dziko lonse lapansi. Ofilosofi oyamba kwambiri a maganizo oganiza zamalingaliro amatengedwa ngati Protagoras ndi Epicurus. Sensualism mu filosofi ndi "zowonongeka" kutsogolera kuthetsa mavuto a kuzindikira kuti ali otsutsana ndi kulingalira ndi nzeru, pogwiritsa ntchito zifukwa zomveka. Kusamvana kunayamba kufalikira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. chifukwa cha filosofi wachifaransa Victor Cousin.
Chothandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa chidziwitso chodziŵitsa cha chidziwitso chinapangidwa ndi J. Locke ndipo kenaka ndi katswiri wafilosofi wa ku France, Etienne Bono de Condillac. J. Locke, kuphatikizapo zovuta zokhudzidwa, zinali zofunika pakuzindikiritsa, kuganiziridwa, E.B. de Condillac sakanakhoza kuvomereza ndikuyankhula za kuganizira, osati cha chodziimira chokha, koma cha kukonzanso. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za Condillac pa moyo wamaganizo:
- Pali magulu awiri a zowawa. Gulu loyamba - kumva, kuona, kununkhiza. Yachiŵiri imatanthawuza lingaliro lakukhudza.
- Kulawa kumachita mbali yaikulu pakudziŵa za kunja.
- Zochitika za uzimu zomwe zimachitika popanda kudziimira popanda zozizwitsa ndizo chinyengo.
- Chidziwitso chirichonse chiri ndi kumverera.
Kodi kusiyana kotani pakati pa kugonana ndi kusokonezeka?
Filosofi ya masiku ano (XVII - XVIII zaka) Anakumana ndi mavuto pakudziwa dziko lapansi ndi zofunikira za choonadi. Pali kuwonjezereka kofulumira kwa madera atatu apamwamba a filosofi, malingaliro, kusokoneza maganizo ndi chikhulupiliro. Njira yowongoka ndi yokhudzidwa imayandikana wina ndi mzake mu malo ofunikira ndipo imatsutsana ndi kulingalira. Kukhulupirira zamatsenga ndi njira, zomwe zimapezeka mwa afilosofi wa ku England F. Bacon. Kukhulupirira zamatsenga kumachokera pa zowona, monga chidziwitso cha chidziwitso komanso magwero a chidziwitso.
F. Bacon amasiyanitsa pakati pa njira zowonongeka, zongoganizira komanso zamatsenga. Sensualists ndi "nyerere", zokhutira ndi zomwe asonkhanitsa. Makoswe - "akangaude" akutseketsa intaneti kuchokera kwa iwo okha. Empiricists - "njuchi" timadzi timadzi tosiyanasiyana tomwe timapanga, koma tapanga zinthu molingana ndi zomwe aphunzira komanso luso lawo.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chikhulupiliro ndi kukhudzidwa ndi F. F. Bacon:
- Empiricism amadziwa kufunika kwa malingaliro, koma mwa mgwirizano wapakati ndi kulingalira.
- Chifukwa chimatha kuchotsa choonadi kuchokera ku zowona.
- Kusinkhasinkha mwakuya kwa chirengedwe mwa kulingalira, kumalowetsedwa ndi kuthandizidwa mwakhama kuti mudziwe zinsinsi.
Kufunafuna chuma
Maganizo - gwero lofunika kwambiri la chidziwitso, kukhudzidwa ndi chidziwitso pa gulu ili lokhazikika, silinali lofanana, linagawanika kukhala lingaliro lachidziwitso ndi zakuthupi, pamapeto pake, zomwe zimakhudza zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi maganizo, zimaphatikizapo malingaliro okhudzidwa. Wowonetsera bwino wokonda chuma John Locke.
Zosangalatsa zokhumudwitsa
Mosiyana ndi zofuna za thupi zakuthupi za John Locke, ziphunzitso zowonongeka zimadziwonetsera, omwe anali afilosofi J. Berkeley ndi D. Hume. Zomwe zimakhala zokhazokha ndizofilosofi yomwe imakana kudalira zokhuza zinthu zakunja. Mfundo zazikuluzikuluzi, zomwe zidapangidwa ndi J. Berkeley ndi D. Hume:
- Munthu alibe lingaliro lalingaliro la nkhani;
- Chinthu chosiyana chingathe kuwonetsedwa mwa chiwerengero cha zowawa.
- Moyo ndiwo kulandira kwa malingaliro onse.
- Munthu sangadziwe yekha, koma malingaliro ake mwini akhoza kupereka lingaliro.
Sensualism - ubwino ndi chiwonongeko
Sayansi yamaganizo ya sayansi yakhala ikudalira paziphunzitso za filosofi, kuchoka kwa iwo mbiri yakale ya kuzindikiridwa kwa moyo. Sensualism yakhudzidwa ndi chitukuko cha kuyesa ndi kugwirizana kwa maganizo. Kufufuza momwe anthu akumverera ndi chidwi pa ntchito "Kuchita zovuta", E. Condillac anapereka thandizo lalikulu ku sayansi, lovomerezedwa ndi akatswiri a maganizo. M'tsogolomu, maganizo a anthu amadziwa kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa ndi maganizo. Zowonongeka zowonongeka poonekera poyesera:
- Lingaliro lalingaliro silili lofanana ndi mgwirizano wa zowawa.
- Chidziwitso chaumunthu chimakhala chovuta kwambiri kuposa chiwonetsero cha malingaliro achidziwitso.
- Zomwe zili m'malingaliro sizingowonjezereka ku zithunzi zowoneka komanso zowawa.
- Cholinga cha khalidwe ndi ntchito zomwe zimagwira pakupanga malingaliro sichitha kufotokozedwa ndi chithandizo cha kugonana.