Momwe mungamere fodya - kodi mukufunikira chiyani kuti mukhale ndi zokoma?

Chikhalidwe chilichonse cha m'munda chimafuna munthu aliyense kuti azipeza zokolola zabwino. Ngakhale anthu omwe amadziwa momwe angamere fodya akhoza kulakwitsa posankha malo pamtunda kapena nthawi zambiri ulimi wa ulimi wothirira, zomwe zidzakhudzanso zotsatira za zipangizo.

Kodi fodya ndi mtundu wotani?

Chomerachi chingakhale chosatha kapena chaka chilichonse. Ndilo la banja la Solanaceae ndipo amalimidwa kuti apange fodya - masamba omwe auma ndi nthaka yogwiritsidwa ntchito pozaza ndudu ndi mapaipi. Musanadzale ndikofunika kupanga chisankho, kodi fodya ndi yabwino yotani, yomwe ikuchokera m'zinthu zake:

1. Fodya ndi rustic. Makomorka wamba, monga amatchedwanso, amakula mpaka masentimita 120 ndipo amakhala ndi chikonga chambiri kuposa amitundu. Maluwa okongola amawombera ndi lobes yaifupi ndi yozungulira. Mkanda wa pakati ndi kum'mwera, makhoka akhala akukula kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1800, kuyambira masiku otentha oyambirira mpaka kumapeto kwa autumn. Mitundu ya mtundu umenewu - Ostrolist 316, Samsun 85, Turkey, Durman.
2. Fodya ndi namwali. Amatchedwanso "fodya weniweni" (Nicotiana tabacum) chifukwa chakuti kukoma kwake kuli kolimba kwambiri. Mbali yofunika kwambiri yomwe ikufotokozera momwe mungamere mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fodya ya gulu ili ikuwoneka kuti ndipamwamba kwambiri ya thermophilic katundu. Akuwombera amapereka kokha m'madera okhala ndi chinyezi kapena nyengo yotentha. Gawoli likuphatikizapo "Yubile Yatsopano 142", "Trapezond 92", "Trapezond Kubanets" ndi "Pehlets".

Kubzala fodya

Mahekitala zana a hekita la nthaka akhoza kusonkhanitsa makilogalamu 40 a fodya, chifukwa chakuti wosuta amamwa makilogalamu 8 pa chaka. Kubzala fodya ndi kusamalira izo kumachitika, malinga ndi mtundu wa kubzala. Izi zatsimikiziridwa kuti atabzalidwa mwachindunji pansi, chomerachi chimangowonjezera kukula ndikupereka zokolola zopanda pake. Choncho, fodya imabzalidwa kudzera mu mbande motere:

1. Fodya chifukwa cha mbande imafesedwa kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa February kunyumba. Izi zisanachitike, mbewuzi zimadonthozidwa m'madzi tsiku limodzi, zomwe mungathe kuwonjezera potaziyamu permanganate kuti muzitha kuchiza mbeu.
2. Mbewu imatsukidwa 2-3 nthawi ndi zouma.
3. Nthaka imamasulidwa mwamphamvu, popeza n'zotheka kukula fodya mu nthaka yodzaza ndi mpweya.
4. Mu bokosi kapena miphika ya peat 4-5 masentimita a nthaka amathiridwa, koma kuya kwa kumiza kwa mbeu sikuyenera kupitirira 0,5 cm.
5. Mutabzala mbewu, iwo akuwazidwa ndi nthaka komanso madzi okwanira. Bokosili liri ndi filimu: mphukira pansi pake idzawoneka masiku 6-10, malingana ndi kutentha kwa mpweya m'chipinda.
6. Ngati kuli kofunikira, nthaka imathiridwa kuti ifike masamba a cotyledon, mwinamwake ziphuphu zidzamwalira.

Ndondomeko yobzala fodya

Pogwiritsa ntchito kampani yamtundu uliwonse - malo oyenerera a mizere yosavuta kuthirira, kumasula kapena kuika ngati kuli kofunikira. Kubzala fodya pamalo otsekemera pa siteti iyenera kukonzedweratu pazinthu zonsezi. Pali njira ziwiri zokonza mabedi:

1. Anayimilira. Maphunziro ndi kukula kochepa angabzalidwe m'mabotolo amkati omwe ali ndi mabokosi omwe ali ndi mabowo pansi. Njira imeneyi ndi yabwino kukula mu nyengo yozizira, ngati mukukonzekera kukolola kawiri pachaka.
2. Zozengereza. Zomwe zimakhazikika pamtunda siziyenera kukhala zozungulira, chifukwa kubzala kwa fodya mu flowerbeds sikugwiritsanso bwino ntchito malo. Mizere yoyenera ingagawidwe ndi grooves kuti athetse madzi.

Kutalika kwa kubzala fodya

Kugawa kwa mabala pambuyo pokula kumasankhidwa malingana ndi kalasi yomwe ili. Musanayambe kukula mbande za fodya, muyenera kusankha mtunda pakati pa mapiri, chifukwa ndi okonzekera pasadakhale. M'nyengo yophukira amatsukidwa bwino namsongole komanso amamera ndi potaziyamu ndi magnesium. Mu kasupe kasupe amaikidwa mu nthaka mwa mitundu iwiri:

1. 70x100 cm. Mtunda wa pakati pa mbewu umatengedwa kuti ndi wabwino kwa mitundu yonse ya namwali yomwe imakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu. Ali ndi mizu yamphamvu, yowonjezereka, yomwe ingalephereke pakuwonjezera mtunda pakati pa mizere.
2. 50x30 masentimita. Mitundu ya tuber ndi deterministic, kotero miyendo yawo yaying'ono imakwanira 50 cm pakati pa mizere ndi 30 cm pakati pa zomera.

Nthaŵi yobzala fodya wosuta fodya

Mbande ziyenera kusamutsidwa kutseguka ngati pali kale 3-4 masamba enieni pa tsinde. Kawirikawiri, zaka za zomera pa nthawiyi ndi masiku 40-45. Masamba opanda fodya angapezeke mwa kutulutsa mphukira pa nthaka ali ndi zaka 30, monga momwe zimachitikira m'madera ena a ku America. Nthaŵi yeniyeni yobzala fodya imawerengedwa kuganizira dera la kukula:

1. Kum'mwera, kumayambiriro kwa kasupe amakulowetsani msanga m'ma March 2-3. Kutenthetsa mtima mbewu sikofunikira.
2. Pakati pa gulu, fodya imabzalidwa pa mbande kenako ikasamutsidwa kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa May - kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa April.
3. M'madera ozizira, fodya ikhoza kukulirakulira m'nyumba zobiriwira, kutsegula nthawi yowonjezera tsiku linalake chifukwa cha zofunikira.

Zomwe zimakhalira kubzala fodya

Kudziwa chiwembu chodzala ndi kusamalira mbewu sikokwanira kuti mukolole mokwanira. Zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri tsambali zimaperekedwa ndi kuwonetsetsa kukula mwa kuchotsa masamba odwala ndi akufa, kuchotsa maluwa nthawi yake. Ziribe kanthu momwe munthu angakonde kusuta fodya kumalo akumidzi kumalo osauka, pali zinthu zomwe sitingakane:

1. Chinyezi. Ngati ulimi wothirira sikokwanira chifukwa cha chilimwe chilimwe, amadzimadzi kapena nebulizers amaikidwa m'munda. Omwe amazala, akudalira momwe angamere fodya, amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri poyika zipangizo zotere, alimi osadziwa sangathe kulingalira momwe kuyamwa kuli kofunikira kwa juic ndi fungo la masamba.
2. Kukonzekera kukula. Stephens ndi masamba ayenera kuchotsedwa, kuti masamba onse apite ku kukula kwa tsamba. Fodya imayamba kuphuka pansi pa mbeu, kotero imatha kupulumuka mpaka mabala asanu a masamba. Ngati zina zawonongeka, zimachotsedwa nthawi yokolola.

Kutentha kwa kukula kwa fodya

Pa gawo lirilonse la kusasitsa mbewu, amafunikira ulamuliro wina wa kutentha. Kutsegula kumakhala kovuta kulamulira kuchokera kunja - mwachitsanzo, pakulima fodya mumzinda (pakati). Choncho alimi amayesa kusintha kusintha kwa chilengedwe kusintha ndikuganizira kuti:

• Mbande ziyenera kukhazikika pambuyo pa kuziyika pa 20-22 ° C;
• Kukula kwa masamba akuluakulu kumayamba pa 25-28 ° C;
• Kutentha kumathera pamene kutentha kumatsikira mpaka 15-18 ° C.

Kukula fodya m'dziko - nthaka

Ku Cuba ndi ku America, malo odzala mbande sagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi matrekta, chifukwa iwonso amawongolera nthaka. Kumene fodya imakula, feteleza, kuthirira ndi kusonkhanitsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha chifukwa chomwecho. Pa dacha mungathe kubwereza mkhalidwe womwewo mwa kupanga mizere yambiri kuti musapondere pansi pafupi ndi zomera pamene mukuyendayenda m'munda. Kusamalira nthaka kumaphatikizapo kutsata malamulo awa:

1. Gwiritsani ntchito ngati humus chaka cha chaka cha fodya ndi mizu itatha pambuyo yokolola.
2. Muzilamulira chlorine m'nthaka. Zomwe zimapindulitsa kwambiri ndi tsamba lachilombo pamphuno ngakhale pamene zili mthunzi. Mungathe kuchotsa izo mwa kuwonjezera mchenga mpaka pamwamba pa nthaka ndikutsegula.
3. Kuwona kuya kwakukulu kwa kulima. Malo oti chodzala ayenera kutenga masentimita 20-25 masentimita.

Kusamalira fodya

Mbewu ikafika kutalika kwa masentimita 25, imayamba kusowa mthunzi kupatsa tsamba kuti likhale labwino komanso labwino. Pambuyo pofika pansi, chisamaliro cha fodya wonunkhira chimasintha: amafunika kumanga tchinda kapena pogona pamabedi kuti apange mthunzi m'nyengo yotentha kwambiri. Kuti chikhale chodalirika, m'pofunika kusunga zinthu zina:

1. Pamphepete mwa bedi ayenera kukumba magulu 4 okwanira okwanira kuti apirire kulemera kwake kwa awning zopangidwa ndi nsalu yoonda kapena filimu.
2. Nkhumba ziyenera kumizidwa ku kuya kwa 5-7 masentimita osachepera, kotero simusowa kuganizira za momwe mungagwirire fodya pansi pa hema.
3. Limbikitsani "miyendo" ingakhale yowonjezera mothandizidwa ndi miyala kapena miyala, imatsanulira mu dzenje kuti liyike.
4. Pa nsongazo, atatha kukonza zojambulazo, chidutswa cha nsalu kapena filimu yowonongeka ikuwongolera kukula kwa mtunda.

Kukula fodya m'munda - kuthirira

Mosiyana ndi mfundo yakuti chikhalidwechi chimakonda kukopera ulimi wothirira, imakonda kukula mu mvula koma osati mchenga. Chofunika kwambiri ndi njira yothirira. Jet ya madzi yomwe imatsogoleredwa pansi pa mizu, imanyezimitsa ndipo imatsogolera ku matenda ndi bowa. M'mabuku onse omwe akunena za momwe angamere fodya posuta fodya m'munda, amasonyeza kuti ayenera kuthiriridwa ndi madzi. Kupopera mbewu poyerekeza ndi mtundu wa galimoto yaing'ono yowonongeka kuchokera pamsampha wa spray ikuchitika kuti madzi afikire tsinde ndi masamba.

Kusamalira mbande za fodya - kuvala pamwamba

Mizu ya mbewuyi ndi yamphamvu kwambiri moti amafunika kuvala pamwamba, kotero kuyesetsa kulimbikitsanso kuti pakhale kukula kwa masamba ndikuwonjezereka m'dera lawo. Kulima ndi kubzala fodya kumaphatikizidwa ndi kuthirira ndi zoonjezera zotsatirazi:

• phosphorus;
• ammonium nitrate ;
• zitosi za mbalame;
• sulphate kapena potassium chloride.

Kukula fodya m'dziko - matenda ndi tizirombo

Kuwonjezera pa nthawi zonse fungal zilonda za horticultural mbewu, palinso zoopsa zina ku tsinde ndi masamba. Kumvetsetsa momwe tingamere fodya kapena fodya kunyumba, nkofunika kuti muteteze ku matendawa ndi matenda ena okhudzana ndi matenda. Zina mwazoopsazo ndizo:

1. Black mizu zowola. Zimakhudza zomera zachinyamata, chifukwa cha mphukira zomwe zimafota ndi kuzimira, ndipo pamzu wa maonekedwe akuda-bulauni.
2. Bronze wa tomato. Matenda a phwetekere amachitanso fodya: pa tsinde amawoneka mphete ndi mitsempha - zotsatira za imfa ya pang'onopang'ono.
3. Dry you root rot. Wamasamba aliyense amadziwa momwe zimakhalira zovuta kufuta fodya ngati mizu yake imauma pang'ono. Zouma zimavunda makwinya, zimasokoneza kutumiza chinyezi ndi zakudya.
4. Msolo wakuda. Nthendayi imayambitsa tsinde, yopangitsa kuti ikhale yofooka komanso yowopsya. Pansi pa zomera zimakhala zakuda ngati tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo timayamba pansi pa dzina lakuti Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn.