Maphunziro a sayansi ndi anthu: ndale, mankhwala, filosofi, chipembedzo, psychological, makhalidwe, poyankha zenizeni zawo, amayankha mosiyana ndi funso la kulekerera kuli. Mfundoyi idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90. zaka zapitazi, zikutsutsana ndi kutsutsana pazomwe zili mmenemo.
Kupirira - ndi chiyani?
Munthuyo ndi wapadera, koma mwa njira zina anthu ali ofanana, motero-akufunanso zomwezo, zokonda zawo, chipembedzo. Kukhala wokondweretsa n'kofunika kwa munthu aliyense, chifukwa chakuti anthu ndi zolengedwa. Anthu osiyana ali ndi malingaliro osiyana, ndipo m'dziko lina ndilolandiridwa - mu lina lingayambitse chiwonetsero cha anthu onse. Kodi kulekerera kumatanthauza chiani?
Mu 1995, mayiko pafupifupi 200 adasaina Chigamulo cha Malamulo a Kupirira, omwe amanena kuti kulekerera ndiko kulekerera kwa zipembedzo zina, miyambo, zikhalidwe, zosiyana ndi zosiyana. Kulandira chiyanjano chimenecho chiri muzosiyana zonsezi, kumalola anthu kuti azilemekezana wina ndi mnzake, kukhala mwamtendere.
Kodi kulekerera kumatanthauza chiyani kumadera ena:
- mu mankhwala (pharmacology, narcology): kusintha kwa thupi kwa chinthu chomwe mulingo waukulu umayenera kuti upeze zotsatira zofanana;
- mu nyimbo: malingaliro olemekezeka ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi maimidwe oimba;
- mu zachilengedwe: kuthekera kwa tizilombo tochilengedwe kukhala ndi chilengedwe, ngakhale ndi zovuta.
Kupirira mu Psychology
Lingaliro limeneli mu psychology limakhala malo ofunikira. Kulandira anthu, ndi makhalidwe awo, popanda kutsutsidwa ndi kutsutsidwa, kukulolani kuti mukhale ndi chidaliro ndi ofuna chithandizo ndipo ndi gawo la psychotherapy. Chochitika cha m'maganizo cha kulekerera chimakhudza mbali zonse za sayansi ndi mfundo, ndi tsiku ndi tsiku:
- Makhalidwe (malingaliro) - makamaka, akuchedwa kuchepa. Kulekerera "kunja kwina" pokhapokha payekha: munthu amavomerezana ndi zomwe zikuchitika, koma mkati mwake, amateteza, "zithupsa."
- Zachibadwa (zachirengedwe) - zimakhala zofanana kwa ana aang'ono ndipo amavomerezedwa ndi kuvomereza kwawo popanda chidziwitso, mwatsoka, zimachitika ngati iwowo ali achiwawa.
- Makhalidwe (enieni) - pogwirizana ndi kuvomereza kwathunthu. Uku ndiko kuleza mtima ndi kulekerera kwabwino kwa "mkati". Makhalidwe auzimu kuwonetseredwa konse kwa moyo ndi anthu ndi kudzidzidzidzidwa nthawi zonse. Pa makhalidwe onse mafanizo anzeru amachokera.
Katswiri wa zamaganizo ayenera kukhala ndi kulekerera uku, zomwe ndizo:
- kumvetsera mwachifundo (chifundo);
- luso lowonetsa, kukambirana;
- luso lokhazikitsa ubale wabwino, wabwino ndi anthu.
Kulekerera - zopindulitsa ndi zachipongwe
Lingaliro la lingaliro ili ndilokhazikika, zabwino kwa zolinga za chikhalidwe, kodi ziridi choncho? Kodi mtendere ndi ulemelero padziko lapansi zingatheke popanda mitundu ina? Lingaliro la kulekerera lingathe kumasuliridwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana, popanda kuganizira movomerezeka ndi mfundo zovomerezeka. Medali ili ndi mbali ziwiri.
Zotsatira za kulekerera:
- kumathandiza kukhala munthu;
- amaphunzira kuthana ndi mantha mwa kulankhulana bwino ndi anthu ena osiyana;
- kumapanga kumvetsetsa kolondola kwa kufotokoza mosiyana kwa anthu ndi zizolowezi zawo, khalidwe, malingaliro ndi njira ya moyo;
- imalimbikitsa chitukuko chaumwini ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kupyolera mwa kusamutsidwa kwa chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso, kupyolera mu mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi mafuko onse.
Kusasamala:
- pansi pa chizoloŵezi cha kulekerera kusokonezeka kwa chidziwitso cha anthu, chophimbidwa ndi zolinga zabwino;
- mzere wabwino pakati pa kulekerera kwenikweni ndi chipiriro cha ukapolo, kuvulaza munthu;
- Kulowetsamo malingaliro enieni ndi malingaliro ndi abodza, kupyolera mu matekinoloje a anthu;
- Kulekerera kumawoneka ndi ena monga kusayanjanitsika, kukana kudzizindikira ndi kumenyana.
Kodi kulekerera kumasiyana bwanji ndi kulekerera?
Potembenuza kuchokera ku Chilatini chakale, kodi kulekerera kwenikweni ndi kotani: "tolerantia" amatanthauza "chipiriro", "kulekerera", "kubala". Danthauzo lofotokozera limaika mawu akuti "kulekerera" kuchokera ku Chifaransa "ololerana" - "kulolerana". Mu Chirasha, mosiyana ndi zilankhulo zina zakunja, "kulekerera" ndi mawu okhala ndi malingaliro olakwika, kutanthauza kupirira zoipa, kupirira zovuta. Komabe, kulekerera ndi kulekerera ndizosiyana.
Kuleza mtima ndiko kukanidwa kwa anthu kuti asonyeze chidani, chidani. Munthu wamkati panthawi imodzimodziyo, akhoza kukhala ndi maganizo olakwika komanso otsutsa. Zimapangidwa mufupikitsa ndipo zikhoza kuperekedwa kudzera mu ma TV (mwachitsanzo, kuthetsa mkangano pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana). Kulekerera ndizochitika zachikhalidwe zomwe zimapangidwa pa nthawi yayikulu ndikuganiza kuti munthu alibe udani, sakonda anthu ena mosiyana ndi iye pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. M'dziko lomwe liri lodzala ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu - ichi ndi chofunikira chofunikira.
Kupirira ndi kuopa
Mawu akuti "chiwawa", pamodzi ndi "kulekerera" nthawi zambiri amamveka m'mauthenga ndi ma Chigriki amatanthauzidwa ngati "mantha a alendo". Maganizo a kuopseza anthu akudziwika ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kukhala "anu" ndi "ena". Anthu othawa kwawo amatha kusokonezeka mosavuta komanso amadziwika bwino ndi anthu ammudzi. Ochokera kunja amatha kuchita zinthu mosiyana, samafuna kuphunzira chinenero chatsopano, samafuna kudziwa chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya dziko lomwe adasamukira. Kulekerera m'dziko lamakono, makamaka, kumatanthauza kupezeka kwa chiwawa, kukhazikika mwamtendere ndi chitukuko cha anthu osiyanasiyana.
Mitundu ya kulekerera
Maziko a kulekerera ndizofunikira kwambiri zadziko, zomwe palibe zomwe munthu sangakhalepo. Asayansi amitundu yambiri yapamwamba ali ndi chikhalidwe cha kulekerera. M'dziko losalekeza-lothandiza komanso "lovuta" ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo, malingaliro kwa anthu olumala, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Kulingalira, kulekerera chomwe chiri - gawo lililonse lirilonse limaphatikizapo chikhalidwe chake. Mitundu yayikulu ya kulekerera ikuonekera bwino kwambiri ndi MS Matskovskii:
- chipembedzo;
- chikhalidwe;
- chithandizo;
- maphunziro;
- kugonana;
- malo;
- zaka zakubadwa;
- gawo;
- chiwerengero;
- chisokonezo;
- mtundu;
- ndale.
Kulekerera Zipembedzo
Chipembedzo cha mitundu ina ili ndi gawo la sacral lomwe limasiyanitsa ndi zipembedzo zina. Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, poona kuti chipembedzo chawo ndi chokha chokha - olamulira a mayiko osiyanasiyana adayamba kumenya nkhondo ndi cholinga chotembenuza amitundu ku chikhulupiriro chawo. Kodi kulekerera kwachipembedzo ndi chiyani masiku ano? Munthu ali ndi ufulu ku chipembedzo chilichonse chimene amavomerezedwa mu dziko lake, ngakhale kuti sichiri cha chipembedzo chopambana. Kupirira kwa chikhulupiriro china ndi chitsimikizo cha mgwirizano wamtendere pakati pa anthu.
Kupirira kwa anthu olumala
Chifundo ndi chifundo ku zinthu zonse zamoyo ndizofunikira kwa munthu, atayikidwa ali mwana ali ndi ubale wabwino. Kuwonetseredwa kwa kulekerera kwa anthu olumala ndiwothandiza kwambiri pakukonzekera ndi kukhazikitsa pakati pa anthu olumala ngati membala wamba. Maphunziro ophatikizapo, kulenga ntchito ndizofunika kwambiri kupirira.
Kusamvana kwa mitundu
Kukhala wa anthu a inu nokha, ma ethnos ndi maonekedwe a zaka zambiri za chidziwitso, miyambo, chikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa mtundu. Kodi kulekerera ndi chiyanjano? Umenewu ndi khalidwe lolemekezeka ku njira ya moyo wa anthu ena. Vuto la kulekerera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi lofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kusiyana - kusagwirizana (kusasalana) nthawi zambiri ndi nthawi yolimbikitsa chidani cha mafuko.
Kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi
Mosasamala za amai - anthu ali oyenera kulemekezedwa ndi ufulu wofanana - ili ndi yankho la funso, kodi kulekerera kwa amuna ndi akazi ndi chiyani? Kulekerera pakati pa anthu pazokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi chinthu chosasinthasintha. Pakadali pano, zochitika za amuna ndi akazi zimasintha, ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa cha kusokoneza maganizo pakati pa anthu komanso chitukuko cha phobias. Kusagwirizana ndi zosiyana ndi kugonana ndi chisankho.
Kulekerera Ndale
Kulekerera mu ndale ndikokonzekera kwa boma kukambirana zokambirana ndi mayiko ena. Zonsezi, zikhoza kuimiridwa mu boma ndi ulamuliro wa demokalase ndipo zimasonyezedwa pothetsa mikangano yachisokonezo, kusunga ufulu waumunthu, malingaliro olemekezeka ku zikhulupiriro zina zandale zosatsutsana ndi malamulo. Kulekerera kwa ndale ndi njira yapadziko lonse yomwe mtendere padziko lapansi umadalira.
Kulondola kwa ndale ndi kulekerera kutanthauzira maganizo pakati pa anthu amasiku ano. Mbiri ya nkhani yolondola ya ndale inayambira ku United States pamene Afirika Achimereka anafuna kuti asiye ku Chingerezi mawu olakwika akuti "wakuda" akugwiritsidwa ntchito pa mtundu wawo. Kukonzekera kwa ndale kumaphatikizapo kuletsa kwachinenero chokhumudwitsa posiyana ndi mtundu wina, kugonana, kugonana, ndi zina zotero. M'mayiko amitundu yambiri, monga United States, kulondola kwa ndale kukukulirakulira ndipo kumayendetsa mbali zonse za anthu.