Cephalosporins ndi gulu lalikulu la maantibayotiki, omwe ndi oyamba omwe anapezeka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, magulu ena ambiri a antibiotic a gulu lino adapezeka, ndipo zowonjezera zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa zakhala zikupangidwa. Chotero, pakali pano, mibadwo isanu ya cephalosporins imagawidwa.
Zotsatira za maantibayotiki awa ndi kuwononga maselo a maselo a mabakiteriya, omwe amachititsa kuti afe. Cephalosporins amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha mabakiteriya a gram-negative, komanso mabakiteriya a Gram-positive, ngati mabakiteriya a penicillin amapezeka kuti sakugwira ntchito.
Pali zokonzekera kuchokera ku gulu la cephalosporins kwa zonse zomlomo ndi zojambulidwa. Mu mawonekedwe a mapiritsi, cephalosporins a mibadwo 1, 2 ndi 3 amamasulidwa, ndipo mibadwo yachinayi ndi yachisanu ya maantibayotiki a kagulu kameneka ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa maubwenzi achiberekero. Izi zili choncho chifukwa si mankhwala onse okhudzana ndi cephalosporins omwe amachokera m'matumbo a m'mimba. Monga lamulo, maantibayotiki m'mapiritsi amalembedwa kwa matenda ochepa a mankhwala pafupipafupi.
Mndandanda wa maantibayotiki a gulu la cephalosporin m'mapiritsi
Taganizirani zomwe cephalosporins zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamlomo, pozigawaniza molingana ndi mibadwo.
Cephalosporins 1 m'mizere
Izi zikuphatikizapo:
- Cephalexin;
- Cefadroxil.
Mankhwalawa amadziwika ndi zotsatira zochepa, komanso amachepetsa mabakiteriya a gram-negative. Kawirikawiri, iwo akulimbikitsidwa kuti azitha kuchiza matenda osadziwika a khungu, matenda ofewa, mafupa, ziwalo ndi ENT ziwalo zomwe zimayambitsa streptococci ndi staphylococci. Pankhaniyi, pofuna kuchiza sinusitis ndi otitis, mankhwalawa sanagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa amalephera kulowa pakatikati mwa khutu ndi mkati mwa uchimo.
Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa Cephadroxil kuchokera ku Cephalexin ndikuti nthawi yotsirizayi imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali, yomwe imakuthandizani kuchepetsa mafupipafupi a mankhwala. Nthaŵi zina, kumayambiriro kwa chithandizo, cephalosporins wa m'badwo woyamba mwa mawonekedwe a jekeseni ukhoza kuperekedwa ndi kusintha kwina ku mawonekedwe apiritsi.
Cephalosporins 2 mizere m'mapiritsi
Zina mwa mankhwala a chigawo ichi:
- Cefaclor;
- Cefuroxime axetil.
Mitundu ya kachiwiri ya cephalosporin yomwe imagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mabakiteriya a gram-hasi ndi ochuluka kusiyana ndi a m'badwo woyamba. Mapiritsiwa akhoza kuperekedwa ndi:
- Matenda opatsirana opatsirana a m'mwamba ndi otsika m'matumbo (matronillitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, chibayo);
- Matenda opatsirana a m'makina;
- Matenda osapweteka a khungu, mabakiteriya a matenda ofewa, mafupa ndi ziwalo.
Chifukwa chakuti Cefaclor sangathe kuika pakati pa khutu, sagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi otitis media, ndipo Cefuroxime axetil ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa nkhaniyi. Pachifukwa ichi, mankhwala ophera antibacterial onsewa ndi ofanana, koma Cefaclor sagwira ntchito mofanana ndi pneumococci ndi ndodo yophimba.
Cephalosporins 3 mizere m'mapiritsi
M'badwo wachitatu wa cephalosporins umaphatikizapo:
- Chithunzi;
- Ceftibuten.
Mbali za mankhwala awa ndi:
- ntchito yapadera yokhudza enterobacteria ndi Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- mankhwala abwino kwambiri;
- bwino kulowa mkati minofu.
Maantibayotiki awa amalembedwa kawirikawiri pamene:
- matenda otchedwa bronchitis omwe amayamba chifukwa cha ndodo ndi morocell;
- Matenda a m'makina oyambitsa ukodzo omwe amachitidwa ndi zomera zambiri.
Cefixime imaperekedwanso kwa gonorrhea ndi shigellosis.