Chifaniziro cha imfa kwa zaka mazana ambiri chimakhala chokongola kwa chikhalidwe ndi luso. Ambiri mwa anthuwa adachokera kale, ndipo pakati pawo - mulungu wakale wachi Greek Thanatos, yemwe adawonetsedwera ngati mnyamata wamapiko m'nyumba, ali ndi ng'anjo yotulukira m'dzanja lake. Iye anatsimikizira kutha kwa moyo.
Thanatos ndi chiyani?
Mwachidziwitso, thanatos ndi chikhumbo cha imfa pa chikhalidwe chachibadwa ndi umunthu wake. Mawuwa amachokera ku dzina la mulungu wakale, wotchedwanso Fanatos, Tanat ndi Fan, amene chipembedzo chake chinakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri ku Sparta. Kuchokera ku Chigiriki chakale, dzina lake limamasuliridwa kuti "imfa" (thanatos). Chithunzicho sichinawonetsedwe osati nthano chabe, komanso mu luso, psychology ndi psychoanalysis. Lingaliroli liri ndi matanthauzo angapo.
Thanatos mu filosofi
Kuchokera ku lingaliro la filosofi, thanatas ndi chokopa kwa kudzipha, kuwonongeka ndi kusokonezeka. Pamodzi ndi Moyo, Eros, lingalirolo ndilo gawo lalikulu la kukhala. Ziribe kanthu momwe munthu amatanthauzira kuwonongeka kwake ndipo sakuimira moyo wam'tsogolo , nthawi zonse amaganiza za momwe angapitirizire moyo ndi kuwongolera. Malingaliro afilosofi pa mutu wa imfa akhala kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi. Ndi chinthu chosatha cha lingaliro laumunthu. Kusamala kwakukulu pa nkhaniyi kunawonetsedwa nthawi zingapo:
- mu nthawi ya Freemasonry;
- m'masiku a Fedorov ndi Dostoevsky, pamene panali zokambirana zauzimu;
- mu Silver Age (emigre publicism).
Mu filosofi ya Chirasha, gulu losiyana pakati pa anthu oposa thanatology limafufuza vuto ili. Kuyambira m'ma 1990, Association of Thanatologists ku St. Petersburg yatulutsa buku la almanac "Zizindikiro za Thanatos". Mavuto a bukhuli ndi awa:
- zizindikiro za imfa;
- zithunzi muzojambula;
- kudzipha;
- zipangizo za misonkhano yapadziko lonse, ndi zina.
Thanatos mu Psychology
M'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, nzeru za filosofi za Schopenhauer ndi chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe cha Weismann zinaloleza kupanga fano la imfa ndi ena mwa mphamvu zake. Yankho la funso la thanatos mu psychology linkafunidwa ndi akatswiri odziwika bwino a psychoanalysts: E. Weiss, P. Federn, M. Klein, Z. Freud, ndi ena. Wachidziwitso wa ku Austria Wilheim Steeckel adalongosola lingaliro ndi tanthauzo la mawuwo. Kulimbana kwa moyo ndi imfa, chiwawa ndi chiwonongeko ndizofunikira. Ndicho maziko a kukhalapo kwa munthu ndi maganizo ake. Zochitika ziwirizi zotsutsana ndi ziwiri ndipo zimakhala ndi mayina a milungu yachi Greek mu psychology.
Eros ndi Thanatos molingana ndi Freud
Wodziwika bwino wa maganizo a maganizo a Sigmund Freud adatsutsana ndi ziphunzitso ziwiri, chibadwa-cha moyo ndi imfa. Chifuniro kwa oyamba chimafotokoza Eros - chibadwa cha kudzipulumutsa ndi kugonana. Thanatos molingana ndi Freud ndi yamphamvu komanso imagwira ntchito pamaziko a libido mphamvu. Ikhoza kukhala ya mitundu iwiri:
- Cholinga cha anthu ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti ali ndi mawonekedwe a zowononga, mwachitsanzo, kuwonongeka, kusokonezeka, ndi zina.
- Mukudziganizira nokha. Chibadwa choterechi chikuwonetsedwa mu masochism ndi kuyesa kudzipha.
Mu ntchito yake "I and It" (1923), Freud anatsindika kuti mu psyche palikumenyana kosalekeza pakati pa magalimoto awiri. Thanatos ndi Eros amatsutsana wina ndi mzake, ndipo pakati pazinthu ziwirizi ndi "Ine" wa munthu. Eros ndi wotsutsa mtendere ndipo amamvera mfundo ya chisangalalo. Ndipo "chikhalidwe" chakuthupi chimakonda kupumula ndikukoka munthu.
Thanatos - Mythology
Mu nthano zachi Greek, anthu amayesa kuyankha mafunso osangalatsa, kumvetsa kuti ali. Kotero "wotsutsa" wa Eros anali chida cha mdima. Mkazi wamkazi wa usiku, amayi a Thanatos, omwe adatchedwa dzina lakuti Nyukta ("usiku") adanena kuti mdima umabwera dzuwa litalowa. Kuchokera kwa mulungu wa mdima wamuyaya, Erebus, Nyukta anabereka ana aamuna ndi aakazi. Ena mwa iwo anali Mulungu wa Imfa. Analingalira m'nkhani za Hercules (pansi pa dzina la Tanat) ndi Sisyphus. Iye amatchulidwa mu Theogony's Theogony, mu Homer's Iliad ndi nthano zina zakalekale. Mulungu anali ndi mpingo wake wokha ku Sparta, ndipo nkhope yake idatengedwa kuti iwonetsedwe pamtanda.
Thanatos ndani?
Mu luso lachi Greek, mulungu Thanatos anawoneka mu mafano osiyana, koma onsewo ndi okongola, poganizira kuti khalidwelo limapanga. Monga lamulo, limaimiridwa monga:
- mnyamata yemwe ali ndi mapiko kumbuyo kwake;
- mu mkanjo wakuda;
- akugwira nyali yotha ndi lupanga m'manja mwake.
Malo ake okhalamo - Tartarasi ndi mnyamatayo ali pafupi ndi mpando wachifumu wa Aida. Kwa anthu mthenga wa mapeto ali nthawi yomweyo pamene nthawi ya moyo, yoyeretsedwa ndi amulungu a chiwonongeko imatha. Mtumiki wa Hade akudula tsitsi kuchokera kumutu kwa "chiwonongeko" ndikuyika moyo wake mmalo mwa akufa. Agiriki akale ankakhulupirira kuti nthawi zina Tanat amapereka mwayi wachiwiri pa moyo.
Thanatos ndi Hypnos
Malinga ndi nthano, Thanatos, mulungu wa imfa, anali ndi mapasa a Hypnos, ndipo mafano awo sagwirizana. Pazinthu zina zamakono ndi zamisiri amatha kuziwona ngati anyamata ndi azungu. Malinga ndi nthano, Hypnos nthawi zonse ankaphatikiza ndi Imfa ndipo ankanyamula maloto pamapiko ake. Wodzichepetsa, wothandizira aliyense, mchimwene wa Thanatos anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi iye. Ngati Imfa imadana ndi anthu onse komanso milungu, Hypnos inkagwiritsidwa ntchito. Makamaka ankakondedwa ndi Muses. Ana a Nyukta ndi Erebus anali ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana kwa munthu, koma kufunika kwa aliyense sikungathetsedwe.
Sigmund Freud kamodzi anati: "Cholinga cha moyo wonse ndi imfa." Malingana ndi ziweruzo za psychoanalyst wamkulu, kukopa ku chiwonongeko ndi chiwonongeko ndi chinthu chachilendo. Apo ayi, zida zankhondo nthawi zonse zimafotokozedwa bwanji? Chifukwa cha Eros - chibadwa cha moyo, chikhalidwe ndi moyo wamba umayamba. Anthu amalumikizana, magulu a mawonekedwe: banja, midzi, boma. Koma chiwonongeko cha nkhanza, nkhanza ndi chiwonongeko posachedwa kapena pambuyo pake chimadzimveka. Ndiye mphamvu ina imaphatikizidwapo, Thanatos. Ndi imfa simungathe kuseka, koma musayiwale za izo.