Kuyambira pamene mpesa woyamba unayikidwa, zoposa chikwi chimodzi zatha. Pa nthawiyi, mitundu yambiri ndi mawanga omwe ali ndi madigiri osiyana a matenda a mphesa awonekera, koma sanagonjetsedwe panobe. Pa matenda akuluakulu a mphesa ndi njira zomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito nawo mungaphunzire kuchokera m'nkhani yathu.
Matenda a mphesa - anthracnose
Bowa wambiri ku America, Europe ndi Asia, chifukwa cha Gloeosporium ampelophagum Sacc. Mowawu amawoneka bwino m'madera omwe ali ndi nyengo yozizira komanso yozizira, kumene nyengo imodzi imatha kupatsa mibadwo 30 ya spores. Kukhazikika kwake kumasungidwa kwa zaka zisanu, kubisala pa mpesa ndi masamba ogwa. Pali nthendayi yotchedwa mabala a bulauni, oyandikana ndi malire oyera pa masamba, mphukira ndi inflorescences. Mawanga pa mphukira amatha kukhala odwala zilonda, zomwe zimayambitsa kuyanika kwa mpesa. Mavuto a inflorescences amawononganso popanda kupanga zipatso. Kutentha kwa nyengo kumadzinso ndi nyengo yamvula kumabweretsa mavuto a anthracnose ku mphesa yaing'ono yomwe ingayambitse kuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa kukolola.
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Matenda a mphesa - mildew
Nthenda yachinyengo kapena mildew ndi mliri wa minda yonse ya mpesa, mosasamala, m'zigawo zonse za kuswana kwake. Kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa mildew makamaka kumadalira nyengo ya chideralo - kutentha ndi kutentha, makamaka kufalitsa matendawa. Zimabwera chifukwa cha ntchito yofunikira ya bowa Plasmopara viticola Berl. ndi Toni. Mofanana ndi powdery mildew panopa, mildew ndi mtsogoleri pachimake, kuwononga ziwalo zonse zobiriwira za mphesa. Chizindikiro choyamba cha kugonjetsedwa kwa mphesa ndi maonekedwe a masamba a mafuta obiriwira osiyanasiyana, ndi nthawi yopita kumalo osokonezeka. Masamba okhudzidwa a mphesa amakhala owala, ouma ndi kufa ndi matenda. Ndiye mildew imafalikira pa inflorescences ndi masango, omwe amachititsa kuwonongeka kwawo ndi imfa.
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Matenda a mphesa - oidium
Mofanana ndi mildew, pakalipa powdery mildew kapena oidium, zimavulaza kwambiri minda yamphesa padziko lonse. Wothandizira wa oidium ndi Uncinula necator Burril, amene anagwidwa ku Ulaya kuchokera ku North America. Mukhoza kupeza matendawa chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mpesa wa operekera m'mphuno, ngati kuti phulusa pamapeto ndi pfumbi lakuda. Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, chovala choyerachi chimakhala choonekera kumbali zonse ziwiri za masamba, ndipo phokosolo limapita ku inflorescences ndi mabungwe, zomwe zimawatsogolera ku imfa yawo. Chokhumudwitsa cha chitukuko cha matenda ndi kuphulika kwa mpesa.
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Kulimbana ndi matenda a mphesa
Kuteteza munda wamphesa ku matenda ntchito izi:
- Kulima kwa kugonjetsedwa ndi matenda mitundu ndi hybrids.
- Kukonza nthawi yowonongeka, ndi kuwonongeka kwa zitsamba zonse zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi bowa.
- Kusamalidwa kawirikawiri kwa mphesa kuchokera ku matenda ndi othandizira osiyanasiyana.
Matenda a mphesa ku matenda
Kuwopsa kwa munda wamphesa ku matenda kumachitika panthawi imene mphukira zachinyamata zimatambasulidwa ndi pafupifupi 15-25 masentimita. Kenako kupopera mbewu kumabwereza maluwa asanafike maluwa komanso nthawi yomwe zipatsozo zafika pamtunda. Zokonzekera izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera mbewu mankhwala:
- Msewu;
- "Horus" ;
- Anthracol;
- "Acrobat";
- "Ridomil";
- Kuproksat;
- "Thanos";
- Bordeaux osakaniza.
Chithandizo chiyenera kuchitika mu nyengo yotentha ndi youma, popanda kunyalanyaza zipangizo zoteteza. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zambiri za fungicides zomwe zili pamwambazi zimagwirizana ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakupatsani nthawi yomweyo kupereka munda wamphesa ndi chitetezo kawiri - kuchokera ku bowa ndi tizirombo.