Makhalidwe abwino amathandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake m'mayiko osiyanasiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana imakhala yosiyana. Chikhalidwe chake ndi chokhazikika, sichingasinthe mofulumira, monga momwe zimakhalira malingaliro, malingaliro, khalidwe la anthu ambiri. Lingaliro la dziko lapansi limakhudza maphunziro, koma maphunziro amathandiza kubwezeretsa, kusintha ndi kusintha maganizo.
Makhalidwe - ndi chiyani?
Kulingalira ndi njira yoganiza, kulingalira. Zikuwonekera mwa mawonekedwe a malingaliro, chikhalidwe, nzeru zamaganizo a anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Lingaliro limeneli lafalikira mu chiyankhulo cha ku Russia kuyambira pakati pa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri. Mothandizidwa ndi dziko lonse lapansi, munthu amatha kumvetsa malingaliro, kuwunika, kuona, khalidwe labwino, makhalidwe, makhalidwe abwino a magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu.
Makhalidwe Othandiza Anthu
Zomwe amakhulupirira zimathandiza kuphunzira chidziwitso cha anthu ndipo ali ndi mwayi wotsatira:
- kumathandiza kumvetsa dziko lapadera lauzimu la phunzirolo;
- kumathandiza kumvetsa lingaliro lenileni la dziko;
- amafotokoza khalidwe ndi zochitika za mutuwo.
Ngati tipitiriza kuchokera ku zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndiye kuti izi ndizochitika zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chikhalidwe. Zamoyo zamtunduwu zimachokera ku lingaliro la dziko lapansi, lomwe linalengedwa ndi chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe, chilengedwe chauzimu cha phunziroli. Maganizo a dziko lapansi amakonzeratu zomwe munthu adzalandira, ndikulankhulidwe kotani, khalidwe lake, ntchito yake. Akubwezeretsa mgwirizano, kupitirizabe kwa anthu.
Pali zigawo zitatu za malingaliro:
- Zapadera. Maganizo awa, malingaliro, malingaliro, zizindikiro zomwe ziripo mu phunziro limodzi, siziripo mwa ena.
- Kusakanikirana kwakukulu kwa zikhalidwe zina, zomwe ziri zenizeni zokha za phunziro limodzi. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, mu malo azadongosolo, ndizowona mtima, kulimba mtima, kutsika kwakukulu, IQ yapamwamba.
- Chiyanjano cha zizindikiro zoterezi. Mwachitsanzo, malingana ndi IQ chizindikiro, anthu akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu: mabwalo amilandu, mabanki - 120%, makina oyendetsa ndege, magetsi, makina - 109%, ojambula, madalaivala - 98%.
Makhalidwe abwino mu Culturology
Lingaliro la dziko lapansi ndilo gawo limodzi la chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe china, mapangidwe ake amakhudzidwa ndi zikhalidwe zina, chikhalidwe cha anthu pa nthawi ya chitukuko cha mbiri yakale. Kwa zaka zambiri, maganizo adakhazikitsidwa, kuthandizidwa ndi kusinthidwa mothandizidwa ndi:
- zochitika zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe;
- anthu okhala m'madera mwawo (mwa chisinthiko, anthu amodzi amakongola zinthu, moyo ndi chinenero kuchokera kwa anthu ena);
- zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe, kumene maziko a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, ndipo zinthu zina zimakhala zochitika m'moyo mwa chikhalidwe (chikhalidwe chapakhomo, zikhalidwe zandale, zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo).
Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi chikhalidwe chake, chikhalidwe chawo, chomwe chimadzazidwa ndi ntchitoyi. Anthu enieni ndi omwe amapanga chikhalidwe chawo, ichi ndicho tanthauzo lozama la chikhalidwe. Makhalidwe abwino ndi chikhalidwe ndi maganizo omwe sagwirizana chabe ndi omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi, komanso amasiyanitsa chomwe chimasiyanitsa chikhalidwe ichi ndi ena.
Malingaliro - Psychology
Lingaliro la dziko lapansi mu maganizo ndilo khalidwe lachinsinsi la moyo wamantha wa mtundu wina. Chifukwa cha kuululidwa kwake, kachitidwe ka mawonedwe, kafukufuku, ndi malingaliro amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ngakhale kuti maganizo oterowo sangagwirizane kwathunthu ndi lingaliro, zochita, mawu a munthu. Kuphunzira zomwe maganizo a munthu ali, akatswiri a maganizo amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu inayi:
- Zopanda phindu - kupulumuka kwakukulu, chipiriro, khalidwe lachiwerewere, mantha popanda chiopsezo cha imfa, uwu ndi malingaliro a wopambana.
- Okhulupilira - ufulu, kudzikweza, olamulira, chilakolako cha kuwala kunja, makhalidwe abwino.
- Intelsky - samanyalanyaza kutonthoza, kutonthoza, kukwanitsa kwambiri, kuopa kwambiri imfa, ululu.
- Bourgeois - frugality, chuma, kudera nkhawa, kufooka kwauzimu, kusayera.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, momwe chiyanjano chikugwirizanirana, chikhalidwe cha malingaliro apadziko lonse chinakhazikitsidwa ndi kusintha: zinali zotheka kusintha malingaliro, kuziwonjezera izo ndi zida zatsopano, ndi kutaya maphwando opanda pake. Masiku ano, mitundu imeneyi ndi yosavuta kwambiri mu mawonekedwe oyera. Iwo amathandizira kuti pakhale zizindikiro zosangalatsa zofanana ndi anthu, kuthandiza kuwunikira maganizo a amitundu.
Makhalidwe - Filosofi
Makhalidwe abwino ndi maonekedwe a umunthu ndi maganizo a munthu, amasiyana m'magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu kapena magulu a anthu. Chimodzi mwa zochitika zoterezi ndizokhazikika. Akatswiri oganiza bwino, akatswiri a filosofi ankakhulupirira kuti kukonda dziko, kumverera kwa dziko lakwawo kumadalira mzimu wa anthu. Chidziwitso cha munthu kwa ethnos, mtundu, kumadzutsa uzimu wake.
Makhalidwe abwino mu filosofi amasonyeza njira yina yoganiza, yomwe ingakhale ya chikhalidwe cha gulu. Zomwe dzikoli limawona ndizo miyambo, miyambo, ufulu, mabungwe, malamulo. Zonsezi zikuwonetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi chida chachikulu, chomwe ndi chinenero. Malingaliro a dziko lapansi mu filosofi ndi malingaliro ena, malingaliro amalingaliro othandizira omwe oimira anthu ena amatha kudziŵa malo awo omwe mwa njira yawoyawo.
Mitundu ya malingaliro
Lingaliro ladziko lapansi ndi kusakanikirana kosiyana kwa makhalidwe, malingaliro awo, momwe iwo amadziwonetsera okha. Kuti mudziwe mtundu wanji wa maganizo, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa mitundu yotsatirayi:
- Kupitiliza kuchokera ku gawo la moyo wa anthu, dziko lonse lapansi likugawanika kukhala chuma, chikhalidwe, ndale, chikhalidwe, uzimu ndi chikhalidwe.
- Malingana ndi mtundu wa ntchito, lingaliro la dziko lingakhale lopindulitsa, sayansi, luso, luso, malemba.
- Malingana ndi fanolo, kuganiza, lingaliro la dziko lingakhale lachipembedzo ndi dziko, m'matawuni, m'midzi, m'mizinda, m'magulu.
Malingaliro ndi malingaliro - kusiyana
Makhalidwe abwino amatengedwa kuti ndiwo maziko, chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kulingalira ndi njira yowonera dziko lomwe lingaliro limagwirizanitsidwa ndi maganizo. Mosiyana ndi malingaliro, malingaliro a dziko lapansi ndi ofunikira, ndipo malingaliro amakhudza miyambo yonse ya chikhalidwe, nthawi zambiri. Makhalidwe abwino ndi chofunikira kuti chiyambike, kukhalapo kwa dziko lonse lapansi.
Kodi kusiyana kotani pakati pa malingaliro ndi malingaliro? Lingaliro la dziko ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimakhala cha gulu linalake, chimasonyezedwa mwa njira yoganiza, yosonyeza mukumva zosadzimva zokhudzidwa maganizo monga miyambo, miyambo, chipembedzo, filosofi ndi chinenero. Kulingalira ndi lingaliro lalikulu lomwe limalongosola njira ya kuganizira chotero. Maganizo ndi tanthawuzo lapadera, lomwe limafotokozera zenizeni za zochitika.
Malingaliro ndi maonekedwe a dziko
Maganizo amachokera pa dziko lapansi. Zimasonyezedwa kudzera mu malingaliro, malingaliro. Maonekedwe a dziko lapansi akulongosola chitsanzo cha dziko lapansi, zimathandiza munthu kuphunzira kudzidziŵa yekha m'dziko lino lapansi. Popanda khalidwe limeneli, munthu sangathe kumvetsa kuti alipo, kupeza cholinga chake, pakadali pano maganizo ochepa amasonyeza. Munthu akhoza kuchitidwa mosavuta ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Malingana ndi momwe dziko limaganizira, maonekedwe awa ndi awa:
- fuko;
- chiphunzitso;
- chipembedzo;
- sayansi.
Kodi malingaliro apangidwe bwanji?
Mapangidwe a malingaliro amachitika pakapita zaka khumi ndi ziwiri. Amayamba ali ndi zaka zitatu ndipo amathera ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, pamene munthu akukhazikitsa dongosolo lake labwino, zolinga zake, kuti akwaniritse. Kukula kwa mbali zonse za dziko lapansi kumadalira:
- malingaliro a makolo;
- mabuku ndi mafilimu;
- mphamvu zolimbitsa thupi;
- Zofalitsa;
- ndondomeko;
- sukulu.
Kodi mungasinthe bwanji maganizo?
Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wosankha njira yake ya moyo . Ngati mutasintha kusintha maganizo anu, konzekerani kuti izi zidzafuna nthawi yambiri ndi khama. Pofuna kusintha maganizo a munthu, nkofunika:
- kusiya kumwa mowa kuti apange chibadwo chonse;
- chokani ku zizolowezi zonse zoipa;
- Kukhala wosakhulupirira kuti Mulungu alipo, chifukwa chipembedzo chimaonedwa kuti ndi chopweteka kwambiri pa chitukuko cha nzeru ;
- werengani mabuku amakono;
- kuyambitsa magawo a kulingalira;
- kuti achoke ku malamulo omwe amakhazikitsidwa mwa anthu.
Mabuku okhudza malingaliro
Olemba ambiri a mabuku a ku Russia adatha kufotokoza mbali za malingaliro a anthu a ku Russia omwe amagwira ntchito zolemekezeka, zomwe zikutanthawuza kusadziŵa kuyeza, kufalikira, kufalikira, chikhulupiliro cholimba, kusaganizira, nkhanza ndi nsembe ya chikondi, kupembedza kukongola, chiyero, kuphatikiza ndi kutsutsana.
- N.V. Gogol "Akufa".
- N.A. Nekrasov "Amene amakhala bwino ku Russia".
- Lyric F.I. Tyutchev.
- Roman F.M. The Dostoevsky's Abale Karamazov.