Asayansi nthaŵi zonse amapeza zinthu zatsopano zimene zimawoneka kuti zimayambitsa kukayikira pazomwe anthu akhala akuziona kuti ndi odalirika. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasintha lingaliro la moyo mu Stone Age.
Ambiri akukhulupirirabe kuti mu Stone Age anthu amakhala m'mapanga, ankayenda ndi zibonga ndipo ankachita ngati nyama. Kafukufuku wamakono watsimikizira kuti malingaliro awa akunyenga, ndipo ndikukhulupirira ine, zomwe zatsopano zomwe ndazipeza zikukayikira pa zomwe zafotokozedwa m'maphunziro a mbiriyakale.
1. Zakale zolembedwa
Kafukufuku wa mapanga a ku Spain ndi a France anali ochokera pa kufufuza miyala. Akatswiri a mbiriyakale akhala atatulukira kale chizindikiro cha Stone Age, koma sanayambe kufufuza mosamala. Pa makoma a mapanga pakati pa zithunzi za njati, mahatchi ndi nyama zina, zizindikiro zochepa zomwe zikuyimira chinthu china chosawoneka zinapezeka.
Zanenedwa kuti ichi ndi chinenero chakale kwambiri cholembedwa pa dziko lapansi. Pa makoma a mapanga mazana awiri, malemba 26 akubwerezedwa ndipo ngati akufuna kuti adziwe zambiri, ndiye kuti tingaganize kuti kalatayo inakhazikitsidwa m'masiku amenewo. Chochititsa chidwi china: zizindikiro zambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'mapanga a ku France zimabwerezedwa muzojambula zakale za ku Afrika.
2. Nkhondo zoopsa ndi zopanda pake
Anthu akhala akumenyana wina ndi mzake kuyambira nthawi zakale, ndipo icho ndi choyimira cha mbiriyakale, chotchedwa "Misala ku Nataruka". Mu 2012, ku Nataruk kumpoto kwa Kenya, mafupa adapezeka, atatuluka kunja. Kufufuza kwa mafupa kunasonyeza kuti anthu anaphedwa molakwika. Chimodzi mwa zipolopolocho chinali cha mayi woyembekezera amene anamangirizidwa ndi kuponyedwa m'nyanjayi. Mabwinja a anthu ena 27 anapezeka, pakati pawo panali ana asanu ndi limodzi ndi akazi angapo. Iwo anali atathyola mafupa, ndipo panali zidutswa za zida zosiyana mwa iwo.
Asayansi adanena kuti chifukwa chake kuthetsa kovuta kotereku kunachitika. Zimakhulupirira kuti iyi inali mpikisano yosavuta pazinthu zothandiza, chifukwa nthawi imeneyo gawoli linali lachonde, mtsinje wapafupi unayendayenda, mwachidziŵitso, panali chirichonse chofunikira kuti moyo ukhale wabwino. Pakadali pano, "Manda ku Naturok" akuonedwa ngati chombo chachikulu kwambiri cha nkhondo.
3. Kufalikira kwa mliri
Kafukufuku wamakono wa mafupa akale, omwe anachitika mu 2017, adasonyeza kuti mliriwu unayambira ku Ulaya ngakhale pa Stone Age. Matendawa amafalikira kumadera akuluakulu. Kafukufuku akulolera kuti atsimikizire, kuti, mwinamwake, mabakiteriya abweretsedwa kuchokera kummawa (gawo lamakono la Russia ndi Ukraine).
Sizingatheke kudziwa momwe mliriwu unalili panthawiyo panthawiyo, koma zikhoza kuganiza kuti othawa kuchokera ku steppe anasiya nyumba zawo chifukwa cha mlili woopsawu.
4. Mabala a vinyo
Mu 2016 ndi 2017 akatswiri ofufuza nzeru zakale m'madera a masiku ano a Georgia adapeza zidutswa za chibwenzi kuyambira kumapeto kwa Stone Age. Zowonongekazo zinali mbali ya zida zadongo, pambuyo pake amtarita amapezeka pambuyo pofufuza. Izi zimatithandiza kuti tizindikire kuti mitsuko kamodzi munali vinyo. Asayansi amanena kuti madzi a mphesa anangoyendayenda mumadera otentha a Georgia. Kuti mudziwe mtundu wa zakumwa, mtundu wa zidutswa zomwe unazipeza unafufuzidwa. Kuphimba kofiira kunatsimikizira kuti nthawi zakale anthu amapanga vinyo woyera.
5. nyimbo zoyesera
Mbiri imatiuza kuti zipangizo za Stone Age zinapangidwa pamodzi ndi chinenero, koma kafukufuku wamakono watsutsa izi. Mu 2017, asayansi anayesera kuyesera: odzipereka anawonetsedwa momwe angapangire zipangizo zosavuta kuchokera ku makungwa ndi miyala yamaluwa, komanso kupereka zida.
Anthu adagawidwa m'magulu awiri: gawo limodzi lidayang'ana kanemayo ndikumveka, ndipo yachiwiri - popanda. Pambuyo pake, anthu anayamba kugona, ndipo ubongo wawo unkafufuzidwa mu nthawi yeniyeni. Zotsatira zake, zinatsimikiziridwa kuti kusintha kwa chidziwitso sikugwirizana ndi chinenero. Magulu onse awiriwa adapanga zida za Acheule. Asayansi anatsimikizira kuti nyimbo inkaonekera panthaŵi imodzimodzi ndi nzeru zaumunthu.
6. Zida zosiyanasiyana
Pakafukufuku mu 2017, zinapeza zida zambiri zamwala mu Israeli, zomwe zinasungidwa bwino. Iwo analengedwa pafupi zaka 0,5 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo adakhoza kunena zochuluka za anthu a nthawi imeneyo.
Mwachitsanzo, ojambula adagwedeza m'mphepete mwa Kremlin, kupeza mazenera a fomu ya mawonekedwe a peyala. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito pocheka nyama ndi kukumba chakudya. Msasa uwu wapamwamba unali pamalo abwino, kumene kunali mtsinje, zomera zambiri ndi zakudya zambiri.
7. Malo ogona abwino
Masukulu ena akupitiriza kunena mu maphunziro a mbiriyakale omwe anthu mu Stone Age ankakhala mwapadera m'mapanga, koma kufukula kunasonyeza mosiyana. Ku Norway, mizinda 150 ya miyala ya Stone Age inapezeka pa nyumba zadongo. Zingwe zopangidwa ndi miyala zinasonyeza kuti nthawi zakale anthu ankakhala m'mahema, opangidwa ndi zikopa za nyama, zogwirizana ndi mphete.
M'nthaŵi ya Mesolithic, pamene Ice Age inatha, anthu anayamba kumanga ndi kukhala m'nyumba zogona. Zing'onozing'ono za nyumba zina zinali zazikulu kwambiri ndipo zinkafika mamita 40 lalikulu. m., ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti mabanja angapo amakhala mwa iwo panthawi imodzi. Pali umboni wakuti anthu ayesa kusunga nyumba zomwe anasiya.
8. Akatswiri akale a mano
Madokotala a mano amantha kuyambira kale, chifukwa anthu adatha mano awo pafupi zaka 13,000 zapitazo. Umboni unapezeka m'mapiri a kumpoto kwa Tuscany. Pakafukufuku, mano opangidwa ndi mano amapezeka - odzaza ndi mano odzaza mano. Pa enamel, njirazo zinasiyidwa ndi chida chakuthwa, chopangidwa ndi miyala.
Zokhudza zisindikizozo, zinapangidwa kuchokera ku bitumen, zokhudzana ndi utsi ndi zitsamba. Chifukwa chomwe chisakanizocho chinawonjezeredwa zowonjezera ziwiri zomalizira, asayansi sanadziwebe.
9. Kuzindikira za Kuphwanya
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mawu, omwe timamvetsetsa mtundu wa homogamy, kutanthauza kuti kudutsa mitundu yofanana kwambiri pakati pa zamoyo zina. Asayansi okha mu 2017 adatha kupeza zizindikilo za kuzindikira koyambirira za kubereka, ndiko kuti, sangathe kugonana ndi achibale ake apamtima.
Ku Sungir panthawi ya kufukula, mafupa anayi a anthu anapezeka, omwe anafa zaka zikwi makumi awiri zapitazo. Chiwerengero cha majeremusi chinasonyeza kuti alibe kusintha kwa ma genetic, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anthu anali atayandikira mosamalitsa chisankho cha wokondedwa wawo, chifukwa anamvetsa kuti ana ndi achibale awo ali ndi zotsatira zoipa.
Ngati anthu akale ogonana adasankha anthu mosavuta, ndiye kuti padzakhala zotsatira za chibadwa. Iwo ankafuna zibwenzi mwa mafuko ena, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ukwatiwo unkaphatikizidwa ndi miyambo, ndipo iyi inali maukwati oyambirira kwambiri aumunthu.