Kapangidwe ka kuyankhulana

Njira yolankhulirana, imakhala yotsiriza moyo wathu wonse, chifukwa, monga anthu, popanda kuyankhulana, sitingathe kupanga bungwe linalake. Chodabwitsa ichi chinakopa chidwi, akatswiri afilosofi a dziko lakale, ndi akatswiri a zamaganizo amakono. Mpaka tsopano, palibe magawo amodzi a mapangidwe a machitidwe oyankhulana ndi oyanjana ndi anthu, koma tiwona zobiriwira.

Kulankhulana kunagawanika kukhala kapangidwe kamene kachitidwe kachitidwe ka chinthu chilichonse, ndi kuwongolera.

Mu mawonekedwe, ntchito ndi njira zoyankhulirana, njira zitatu zosiyana zimadziwika:

• kusinthana kwachinsinsi - kuyankhulana
• kusinthanitsa ntchito - kuyanjana;
• malingaliro a wokondedwa - malingaliro a chikhalidwe.

Mu psychology, ndondomeko ya njirayi amawonedwa ngati njira yolumikizana pakati pa anthu ndi anthu, pamene chikhalidwe cha anthu chimawona kugwiritsa ntchito kuyankhulana m'magulu.

Kuonjezera apo, nthawi zina ochita kafukufuku amapanga zitatu muzolowera zamaganizo zoyankhulana:

• chidziwitso ndi kulankhulana;
• kuwongolera ndi kulankhulana;
• kukhudzidwa-kulankhulana.

Inde, pokambirana, ntchito zonsezi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndipo zimasiyanitsa zokha pofuna kufufuza ndi kayendedwe kafukufuku woyesera.

Mipangidwe yowunika kayendedwe ka chiyanjano

Boris Lomov, yemwe ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo a Soviet, m'zaka zapitazi, adatchula mbali zitatu zofunika kwambiri zowonetsera kayendedwe ka kulankhula, komwe kamagwiritsidwabe ntchito m'maganizo:

• macrolevel. Kuphunzira kwa msinkhu uwu kumatanthauza kusanthula kukula kwa maganizo pa umunthu, pa nthawi zina. Ubwenzi pakati pa munthu ndi anthu ena ndi magulu a anthu ndi maphunziro.
• mesa mlingo. Pa mlingo uwu, mawonekedwe a kulankhulana amawoneka ngati mwangwiro kumapeto kwa zochitika, zomwe zingasinthe, ndi momwe munthu amadzipezera nthawi zina. Kugogomezera pakuwerengera mesa kumapangidwira machitidwe, magawo, mawu omveka bwino komanso osalankhula, komanso zigawo zomwe zilipo zomwe zimachitika panthawi yolankhulirana ("chifukwa chiyani", "chifukwa chiyani", etc.);
• Chipangizochi chimaphatikizapo kusanthula chiyanjano choyambilana, chimawoneka ngati kuyanjana kwa zochita za makhalidwe ("funso-yankho", komanso malingaliro oyankhulana ndi zomwe adalandira).

Woyambitsa psychology psychology B. Parygin ankawona momwe chiyanjano chilili pakati pa mbali ziwiri zikuluzikulu: zogwirizana (kulankhulana molunjika) ndi zovomerezeka (kugwirizana ndi zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe).

Katswiri wina wa zamaganizo a Soviet A. Bodalev anasiyanitsa zigawo zitatu zazikulu pakati pa mitundu ndi mawonekedwe olankhulana:

• Gnostic. Izi zikutanthauza mbali yolingalira yolankhulana;
• zokonda - gawo lachidziwitso;
• zothandiza - chigawo chogwira ntchito.

Kuyankhulana, monga njira yosamutsira mfundo ndi kusokonekera kwa nkhani zoyankhulirana, kungathenso kudziwika ndi zigawo zake zokha:

• cholinga;
• chokhudzana;
• njira yolankhulirana;
• otsogolera;
• mtundu wa kuyankhulana pakati pa nkhani zoyankhulana;
• Kuyankhulana kwa otsogolera mu njira yolankhulirana;
• zikhalidwe za kugonana;
• kalembedwe ndi machenjerero a kulankhulana;
• zotsatira zomaliza za njira yolankhulirana.

Kulekanitsa koteroko kwa kapangidwe ka kuyankhulana, m'pofunika kumvetsetsa ntchito ya chilengedwe chomwe chilankhulo chimakwaniritsidwa: mkhalidwe wa anthu, kukhalapo kapena kupezeka kwa umunthu panthawi yolankhulana, zomwe zingakhudze njirayi. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, anthu osatulutsidwa amataika pamaso pa umunthu wamunthu, akhoza kuchita mofulumira komanso mofulumira.

Pomalizira, tifunika kukumbukira kuti njira yolankhulirana ndi yodzaza ndi mgwirizano wogwirizanitsa zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri: zakunja (khalidwe), zowonetsedwa pochita zoyankhulirana za oyankhulana, komanso posankha khalidwe ndi mkati (zofunikira za nkhani yolankhulirana), zomwe zimafotokozedwa kudzera zizindikiro zamaganizo ndi zosalankhula.