Ngakhale kuti chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa dziko lapansi, m'mayiko ambiri magulu amitundu akulamulirabe misewu. Mmodzi mwa magulu oopsa komanso owopsa kwambiri ku America ndi MS-13. Kuchokera kumudzi wokhudza moyo wake, malamulo ndi miyambo, mazira amatha kudutsa thupi lake.
Ku America, pali gulu lachigawenga lomwe limasokoneza aliyense - Mara Salvatrucha kapena MS-13. Zimakhulupirira kuti zinayambira m'ma 80s m'zaka zapitazo, pamene nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Ecuador, anthu ambiri a Latin America anasamukira ku United States. Malingaliro osiyanasiyana, gululi likuphatikizapo anthu 50 mpaka 300,000 padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo chiwerengero chawo chimawonjezeka nthawi zonse.
MS-13 amachita ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuphwanya ndi kupha. Purezidenti wa America Donald Trump adanena m'modzi mwa zoyankhulana zake kuti ali wokonzeka kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga ndi gululi, chifukwa zochita zawo zimapita kale kuposa malire onse. Tikukupatsani inu kuphunzira miyambo ndi miyambo ya Mar Salvatrucha.
1. Bwenzi kwa bwenzi la phiri
Gulu loopsa kwambiri ku America, mfundo yaikulu ndi kuthandizana. Anthu a gulu ili ali okonzeka nthawi iliyonse ya usana ndi usiku kuti athandize mnzawo. Ngati wina wochokera ku MS-13 akonza kapena ataya "bwenzi" panthawi yovuta, ndiye akuyembekezera imfa.
2. Kuphatikiza achinyamata
Ophunzira a Mar Salvatrucha amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolemba ntchito kuti akope achinyamata omwe akudalira. Mwachitsanzo, patsiku lomwe amapanga maphwando kuti azikhala ovuta, komwe ophunzira ndi ana a sukulu amabwera omwe amakonda kuphonya maphunziro. Pa zigawenga zoterezi zimakopa achinyamata.
3. Ma tewu
Sikuti ku Amerika, komanso m'mayiko ena, mungathe kuona ma graffiti ndi zigawenga pamakoma a nyumba, mipanda ndi zina. Ichi ndi mtundu wolemba, wosonyeza yemwe akulamulira m'dera lino, akuwonekeratu kuti otsutsana sakuli pano. Pali gulu lina la graffiti loperekedwa kwa anthu omwe akuphedwa kumene.
4. Kuloledwa kwa atsopano ku gulu
Kuti akhale membala wathunthu wa MS-13, munthu ayenera kudutsa mu magawo awiri. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ngakhale ana amavomerezedwa ku gulu, kuyambira pa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Gawo loyamba limaphatikizapo kugunda kwa mamembala angapo ogwira ntchito m'gululi, ndipo izi zimachitika masekondi 13. Zingamveke kuti izi ndizing'ono, komatu, pamene simunadziteteze nokha, ndipo anthu angapo akuukira, mukhoza kuvulala kwambiri. Gawo lachiwiri ndi kuphedwa kwa wina wa gulu lopikisano, limene wodulayo wapatsidwa zida ndikubzala kudera lozunza.
5. Kukhalabe wokhulupirika
Pakati pa ophunzira pali mpikisano wokhazikika, ndipo kuti musataye chikhulupiriro, nkofunika kuchichirikiza. Choncho, membala aliyense wa gululi ayenera kuchita nawo zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Oyamba kumene amachita ntchito yonyansa - kupha, kugwirira, kuba, koma okalamba amakonza zinthu zowopsa, mwachitsanzo, zokhudzana ndi kugulitsa zida ndi mankhwala.
6. Kukhulupirira mwa Satana
Mara Salvatrucha amamulambira poyera satana. Anthu a gululi amachita miyambo yosiyanasiyana kuti ayamikire mphamvu zakuda za chithandizo chawo. Pali umboni wakuti olakwirawo adachita mwambo wopha anthu kangapo.
7. Chinenero Chamanja
Gulu loopsa kwambiri la America lili ndi chinenero cha manja, chomwe amachitcha "masanjidwe", mwachitsanzo, kugunda mimba, kumatanthauza kuti muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti, ndikugwedeza pamapiko anu. Kusamalidwa koyenera kumafunikira chizindikiro chachikulu cha Mar Salvatrucha - "mbuzi" ya zala, zomwe ziri ngati kalata "M". Chizindikirocho chinasankhidwa m'ma 1980 ndi oyambitsa gululo, omwe anali mafani a heavy metal.
8. Mayesero kwa amayi
M'madera osauka, anyamata ochokera ku gulu lodziwika kwambiri ali otsika, ndipo atsikana ambiri amafuna kulowa nawo. Omwe akuimira zachiwerewere akhoza kukhala mamembala a gululo, koma pazimenezi ayenera kugona ndi anthu okwana 15 a MS-13. Malingana ndi deta yomwe ilipo, pafupifupi 20% ya kagulu ndi atsikana.
9. Kusakhulupirika sikukuvomerezeka
Chinthu choopsa kwambiri chimene chikhoza kuchitika mu MS-13 ndi kusakhulupirika, komwe kuli kulangidwa ndi imfa. Pofuna kupewa zipolowe panthawi yomwe gulu limagwirizanitsa, pali lamulo - ngati munthu wina akuimba mlandu, ndiye kuti payenera kukhala umboni wamphamvu pa izi, chifukwa iwenso udzatsutsidwa chifukwa chachinyengo. Gululo silidandaula aliyense, mwachitsanzo, mu 2003, mayi wapakati anaphedwa pafupi ndi Washington, yemwe, monga membala wa gululo, adamuuza FBI.
Nkhanza zopanda nzeru
Kwa ophunzira a gulu ili adachita zolakwa, safunikira chifukwa. Gulu lakale lakhala likutsogolera pakupha popanda chifukwa. Izi ndi zofunikira kuti tipeze udindo wa bungwe la "nkhanza".
11. Muzikonda Ubale
Ngati membala wa chigawenga ali ndi chibwenzi, ndiye kuti sangagwiridwe kapena kumenyedwa ndi amuna ena, koma ali ndi ufulu wochita zimenezo. Muzochitika zotero, mkazi alibe ufulu wovotera ndipo ndi katundu. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zigawenga zimawopsyeza ana awo, powalingalira kuti ndi otsatira awo.
12. Makhalidwe abwino
Malingana ndi zomwe zilipo kale, MS-13 ali ndi chilango chachikulu pakati pa magulu ena a ku America, omwe akufotokozedwa ndi gawo lofunika la kupambana kwawo. Anthu a bungwe ili alibe ufulu kuti awonekere m'malo omwe anthu amamwa poledzera ndikukonza zosokoneza. Ndiletsedwa kutaya katundu wa gulu lachigawenga ndikusowa misonkhano.
Kuphatikizanso, pali malamulo ambiri mkati mwake. Wosaka angathe kuyamba kutsitsidwa ndi udindo kapena kumenya, ndipo nthawi yotsatira iyenera kuyembekezera imfa. Pali chidziwitso chomwe anthu ambiri amaphedwa mu chigawenga kuposa momwe amachitira panthawi ya chiwonetsero ndi mpikisano. Pali umboni wakuti m'madera osiyana a Mara Salvatrucha mumatsitsimula, kuchoka ku El Salvador kutumiza "chilango", chomwe chimapangitsa anthu angapo kuti aphunzire.
13. Zithunzi zojambula
Poyamba, mamembala a bungwe lachigawenga anaphimbitsa thupi lawo ndi zizindikiro, ndipo amakhoza "kuwerenga" zonse zokhudza munthu: biography, makhalidwe, malo otsogolera. Aliyense wa chigulu chakale ayenera kukhala ndi chithunzi pa nkhope yake. Chizindikiro chodziwika kwambiri ndi misozi pansi pa diso, kutanthauza kupha. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti posachedwapa anthu atsopano anayamba kusiya zizindikiro, ndipo izi ndi chifukwa chachikulu - zojambula pa thupi ndizosavuta, kuzindikira, kukumbukira ndi kupeza munthu.
14. Masikelo aakulu
Ndi kulakwitsa kuganiza kuti gululi limakhudza chabe m'misewu. Malingana ndi FBI, mamembala oposa chikwi amamenyera nkhondo ku America, kulandira maphunziro a usilikali ndi kuitanitsa anthu atsopano nthawi imodzi. Mabungwe a ndondomekoyi ndi nyumba yachiwiri kapena yunivesite kumene amaphunzira mfundo. Ku El Salvador, muli ndende komwe anthu a MS-13 okha, ndipo ngakhale oyang'anila magulu akuyendetsa chifuniro. Ilo limakhala mtundu wina wa likulu.
15. Kuti palibe amene amamvetsa
Anthu a gululi ali ndi slang awo omwe amaperekedwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo, mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "kudalitsa" amatanthauza kuti munthu ayenera kupha, ndipo mawu akuti "kutsogolera kuunikira" amatanthauza kulangiza munthu. Pakati pa anthu ena, achifwamba amasankha kulankhula chinenero chakufa cha Aaztec, chimene palibe amene amamvetsa.
16. Anaganizira mosamala za utsogoleri
Ma Mara Salvatrucha ali ndi mawonekedwe a ramified, omwe amachititsa kukhala amphamvu kwambiri ndi osokoneza chilungamo. Pali magulu ambiri omwe amagwira ntchito mosiyana. Gulu lirilonse liri ndi atsogoleri ake omwe amadziwa mwayekha komanso amalumikizana ndi atsogoleri akuluakulu. Mwa njira, gulu lapamwamba kwambiri la MS-13, lotchedwa "bungwe lachisanu ndi chinayi" ndipo liri ku El Salvador.
17. Makalata odandaula
Ngakhale sikuvomerezeka kuti alowe m'malo mwa bungwe lino, membala aliyense akhoza kudandaula kuti gulu loyandikana nalo silikugwira bwino kapena likuchita zina motsutsana ndi malamulo. Kuti achite izi, ayenera kulemba kalata ku "bungwe la anayi". Ngati umboni uli wofunikira, wolengezayo akulamulidwa kuti aphe mutu wa gulu ili ndi kutenga malo ake.
18. Kuchita nawo moyo wonse
Ngati munthu adalowa mu gulu lachigawenga, ndiye kuti ndi kosatha, chifukwa n'zosatheka kuti mupume pantchito ndikupitiriza kusiya. Mu MS-13, misewu yonse imabweretsa malo atatu okha: ndende, chipatala ndi manda, choncho ngati munthu akufuna kuti aphedwe, ndiye kuti chipolopolo chimamuyembekezera.