Khungu ndilo likulu lalikulu, lomwe ndi pafupifupi katatu pachiwindi. Kuwonetsa zinthu zovulaza, chikopa ndi chotetezera thupi, komanso chimagwira ntchito yotentha, kuchepetsa thupi, kupuma. Makhalidwe ake a khungu la munthu ndi ovuta, choncho tidzakambirana mwachifundo.
Zigawo za khungu
Khungu la munthu limaimiridwa ndi zigawo zitatu:
- Epidermis, yomwe ili ndi zigawo zisanu;
- nsomba - mitsempha yolumikiza ziwiri;
- mafuta osokoneza bongo.
Choponderetsa chapamwamba (kunja) ndi epidermis, kukula kwake komwe kumasiyana mosiyana m'thupi. Malinga ndi izi, khungu limakhala lopanda kanthu (pamtunda, palmu) ndi zochepa (mbali zina zotsala za thupi).
Khungu limaphatikizidwa ndi zotsatira zake (appendages):
- misomali;
- tsitsi;
- zojambula thukuta;
- zozizira zosasamala.
Epidermis
Mu epidermis mulibe mitsempha ya mitsempha - maselo amadyetsedwa kupyolera mu malo osungirako.
Zigawo za epidermis:
- horny - kunja, yopangidwa ndi keratinini epithelium; maselo ake ali ndi mapuloteni keratin ndipo, makamaka, afa kale;
- chowala - chodzaza ndi mapuloteni apadera omwe amatsitsa kuwala;
- granular - woimiridwa ndi mizere 1-5 ya maselo ophwanyika;
- zokometsera - zili ndi mizere 3-8 ya maselo omwe ali ndi mapiri a cytoplasmic;
- chotsalira - chochepetsetsa kwambiri, chomwe chimakhala pamtunda, pambali pa mbola, ndipo chimakhala ndi epmatical prismatic.
Maselo a stratum corneum nthawi zonse amasiya, amalowetsedwa ndi atsopano, akusuntha kuchokera ku zigawo zakuya.
Dermis ndi hypodermis
Kapangidwe kake (makamaka khungu) amaimiridwa ndi zigawo ziwiri.
M'mapangidwe a papillary ndi maselo osakanikirana a minofu, okhudzana ndi mababu a tsitsi, mapeto a mitsempha ndi capillaries. Pansi pa papillary ndilolumikiza, lomwe limaimira kutanuka, minofu yofewa ndi collagen, chifukwa khungu limakhala lolimba komanso lokhazikika.
Subcutaneous mafuta kapena hypoderma ali ndi mitolo ya mafuta kuphatikiza ndi kugwirizana minofu. Pano, zakudya zimapezeka ndi kusungidwa.
Khungu la nkhope
Kapangidwe ka khungu la munthu ndi kosiyana mu mbali zina za thupi.
M'dera la nkhope pamakhala zochepa zazing'onoting'ono zowonongeka - izi zimatsimikiziranso momwe chikopa cha nkhope chikuonekera. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa chinsinsi chomwe chimadulidwa ndi glands, ndizozoloŵera kusankhanitsa khungu kukhala mtundu wa mafuta, wamba, wouma komanso wosakaniza. Pakati pa maso ndi m'maso mwake ndilo gawo la thinnest epidermal wosanjikiza. Khungu la nkhope limakhala ndi chikoka cha nyengo ndi zowonongeka, choncho imayenera kusamalidwa bwino.
Khungu la manja
Pamanja (kuphatikizapo pamapazi) mulibe mfuti ndi mitsempha yosakanikirana, koma thukuta la thukuta m'maderawa ndilo - chifukwa cha mankhwala omwe amasulidwa ndi iwo, manja sagwedezeka pamene akusunthira. Kapangidwe ka khungu la manja a manja amasiyana kwambiri ndi zovuta zogonjetsa. Kumbuyo kwa zikhatho, khungu ndi zotsika kwambiri, zofewa ndi zovuta - chifukwa cha zinthu izi munthu akhoza kufinya zala.
Khungu la mutu
Mbali ya kapangidwe ka scalp ndi chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa tsitsi la mapepala, lomwe limapangidwa ndi kugwidwa kwa minofu ya anyezi, yomwe ili mu follicle ya sac. Mapeto ochepa a babu amatchedwa muzu, tsitsi lawo limakula kuchokera pamenepo. Mbali yomwe ili pamwamba pa epidermis imatchedwa mthunzi wa tsitsi, kuzungulira ndizo ziganiziro za glands zowonongeka ndi thukuta. Kwa papilla, kumapeto kwa mitsempha ndi ma capillaries omwe amadyetsa babu ndi tsitsi zikukula.
Ntchito za Khungu
Maonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka khungu zimatsimikizira kufunika kwake ndi ntchito zake:
- Kutetezera (kuchokera ku zotsatira za mankhwala, UV-ray, kutayika kwa chinyontho);
- kutentha kwa madzi (chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa thukuta ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa);
- mankhwala osakaniza (mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mankhwala ozunguza thukuta);
- endocrine ndi kagayidwe kake (kaphatikizidwe ka mahomoni, mavitamini D);
- receptor (chifukwa cha kumapeto kwa mitsempha);
- chitetezo cha mthupi (kutenga nawo mbali popanga chitetezo cha mthupi).