Chitukuko cha Amaya - zochititsa chidwi zokhudzana ndi kukhalapo kwa fuko ndi zotsatira zake

Chitukuko chabwino cha Mayan, chinapangidwa tisanakhalepo, chinasiya zinsinsi zambiri. Amadziwika chifukwa cha kulembedwa kwake ndi zomangamanga, masamu, luso, zakuthambo. Kalendala yotchuka ya Mayan inali yolondola kwambiri. Ndipo ichi si cholowa chonse chimene Amwenye anasiya, omwe adatchuka kukhala amodzi mwa mitundu yambiri komanso yotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Amaya ndi ndani?

Amaya Achikulire - Amwenye, omwe ankakhala kumapeto kwa zaka 1,000 zapitazo BC. - M'zaka za m'ma 2000 AD Akatswiri amanena kuti chiŵerengero chawo chinali anthu oposa atatu miliyoni. Anakhazikika m'mapiri a mvula, amanga mizinda yamwala ndi miyala yamchere, ndipo ulimi umalima pang'ono dziko lino, kumene amalima chimanga, dzungu, nyemba, kaka, thonje ndi zipatso. Ana a Amaya ndi Amwenye a ku Central America ndi ena mwa anthu a ku Spain omwe ali kumwera kwa Mexico.

Kodi Amaya akale ankakhala kuti?

Mtundu waukulu wa Maya unakhazikika m'madera ambiri masiku ano a Mexico, Belize ndi Guatemala, kumadzulo kwa Honduras ndi El Salvador (Central America). Pakati pa chitukuko cha chitukuko chinali kumpoto. Popeza dothi linali litatha, anthu adakakamizika kusunthira, kusintha mizinda. Mayiko omwe anali atakhalamo anali osiyana ndi malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe:

• kumpoto - chimphepo cha limestone Peten, kumene nyengo ya kutentha yamkuntho inkalamulira, ndi mapiri a Alta Verapaz;
• kum'mwera - mkokomo wa mapiri ndi nkhalango zam'madzi;
• mitsinje ikuyenda kudutsa m'midzi ya Maya inanyamula madzi awo ku Gulf of Mexico ndi nyanja ya Caribbean;
• pa chilumba cha Yucatan, kumene mchere unatengedwa, nyengo inali yolimba.

Chitukuko cha Amaya - zopindula

Chikhalidwe cha Amaya m'njira zambiri chaposa nthawi yake. Kalelo mu 400-250. BC anthu anayamba kumanga nyumba zazikulu ndi zomangamanga, anapeza malo apadera mu sayansi (zakuthambo, masamu), ulimi. M'nthawi yotchedwa "classic period" (kuyambira 300 mpaka 900 AD), chitukuko cha Amaya chakale chinafika pachimake. Anthu amasintha luso la kujambula mu jade, kujambula ndi kujambula kwajambula, kuyang'ana nyenyezi zakumwamba, kupanga kulemba. Zochita za Amaya ndi zodabwitsa.

Makhalidwe a Amaya akale

Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi, osakhala ndi zamakono zamakono, anthu akale anamanga nyumba zodabwitsa. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomangamanga zinali za limestone, kuchokera pamene ufa unapangidwa ndipo yankho lofanana ndi simenti linakonzedwa. Mothandizidwa nawo anakhazikitsa miyalayi, ndi makoma a miyala yamagazi anali otetezedwa mokwanira ku chinyezi ndi mphepo. Mbali yofunikira ya nyumba yonse inali yotchedwa "Mayan arch", chingwe chabodza - mtundu wa denga. Zojambulazo zinali zosiyana malingana ndi nthawi:

1. Nyumba zoyambirira zinali nyumba zazing'ono, zowonongeka pamapulatifomu, kutetezedwa ku kusefukira kwa madzi.
2. Mipiramidi yoyamba ya Mayan inasonkhana kuchokera pa nsanja zingapo, yokwera pamwamba pa inayo.
3. Mu Golden Age ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe kulikonse kunamangidwa acropolis - zokondweretsa zochitika, zopangidwa ndi mapiramidi, nyumba zachifumu, ngakhale malo ochitira masewera.
4. Mapiramidi akale a Mayan anafika mamita 60 m'litali ndipo anali ofanana ndi phiri. Pamapiri awo apamwamba anamangidwira - pafupi, opanda mawindo, nyumba zamatabwa.
5. M'mizinda ina, panali zisudzo - nsanja zokhala ndi chipinda choyang'ana mwezi, dzuwa ndi nyenyezi.

Kalendala ya chitukuko cha Maya

Malo amathandizira kwambiri moyo wa mafuko akale, ndipo zomwe Amaya amapindula kwambiri ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi izo. Malingana ndi miyendo iwiri yapachaka, dongosolo la nthawi yake linapangidwa. Kwa nthawi yaitali kafukufuku wa nthawi, kalendala ya Long Count inagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kwa kanthawi kochepa, chitukuko cha Amaya chinali ndi kalendala yambiri ya dzuwa:

• chipembedzo (chomwe chaka chinatenga masiku 260) chinali ndi tanthauzo la mwambo;
• zothandiza (masiku 365) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito m'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku;
• zochitika (masiku 360).

Zida za Amaya Achikulire

Zida zankhondo ndi zida zankhondo, maiko a Chimaya akale sankatha kufika pamwamba. Kwazaka zambiri za moyo, iwo sanasinthe kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi yambiri ndi khama la a Maya lapita patsogolo kukweza luso la zankhondo. Nkhondo ndi kusaka zida zotsatirazi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Nyimbo (yaitali, yayitali kuposa munthu, ndi nsonga yamwala);
• kop'emetalka - tsatirani ndi kutsindika;
• mikanda;
• uta ndi mivi;
• mphepo yamkuntho;
• nkhwangwa;
• mipeni;
• gulu;
• kuponyera;
• malonda.

Zizindikiro za Amaya akale

Mchitidwe wa chiwerengero cha Amaya wakale unakhazikitsidwa ndi dongosolo losazolowereka la munthu wamakono mu dongosolo la makumi awiri. Chiyambi chake ndi njira yowerengera, zomwe zala ndi zala zinagwiritsidwa ntchito. Amwenye anali ndi zigawo zinayi ndi ziwerengero zisanu. Zero adaimiridwa mwachidule ngati chigoba cha oyster choonongeka. Chizindikirochi chimatanthauzanso zosapindulitsa. Polemba manambala otsala, tinagwiritsa ntchito nyemba za kakao, miyala yochepa, timitengo, popeza chiwerengerocho chinkaimira malemba ndi dashes. Ndi chithandizo cha zinthu zitatu, nambala iliyonse inalembedwa:

• mfundo ndi unit,
• mbaliyi ndi zisanu;
• kuthira ndi zero.

Mankhwala a Amaya akale

Zimadziwika kuti Amaya akale adalenga chitukuko chochuluka kwambiri ndipo amayesa kusamalira anthu amtundu uliwonse. Kudziwa za kukonzanso ukhondo ndi thanzi, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakuchita, kukweza Amwenye pamwamba pa anthu ena a nthawiyo. Nkhani za mankhwala anali anthu apadera ophunzitsidwa. Madokotala amadziwa bwino matenda ambiri (kuphatikizapo TB, zilonda zam'mimba, mphumu, ndi zina zotero) ndipo adamenyana nawo ndi mankhwala osambira, osambira. Zosakaniza za mankhwala anali:

• udzu;
• nyama, khungu, michira, nyanga za nyama;
• nthenga za mbalame;
• Zida zothandizira - dothi, msuzi.

Kummwera kwa anthu a Maya kunafikira ma mano ndi opaleshoni. Chifukwa cha nsembe za ku India, kutengera kwaumunthu kunali kudziwika, ndipo madokotala akhoza kuchita ntchito pa nkhope ndi thupi. Malo okhudzidwa kapena omwe anali ndi kukayikira kwa kutupa anachotsedwa ndi mpeni, zilonda zidasindikizidwa ndi singano ndi tsitsi m'malo mwa ulusi, ndipo mankhwala osokoneza bongo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito monga anesthesia. Kuzindikira mu mankhwala ndi mtundu wamtengo wapatali wakale wa Mayan, womwe uyenera kuyamikiridwa.

Luso la Amaya Achikulire

Mkhalidwe wambiri wa Amaya unakhazikitsidwa pansi pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ena: Olmecs ndi Toltecs. Koma iye ndi wodabwitsa, mosiyana ndi wina aliyense. Kodi ndipadera bwanji chitukuko cha Amaya ndi luso lake? Ma subspecies onse ankaperekedwa kwa olamulira akuluakulu, ndiko kuti, adalengedwera kukondweretsa mafumu kuti akondweretse. Muzinthu zambiri zimakhudza zomangamanga. Chinthu china: kuyesa kupanga chifaniziro cha chilengedwe, kapepala kameneka. Choncho Aamaya analengeza kuti iwo akugwirizana ndi dzikoli. Mbali za subspecies zojambulazo zinafotokozedwa motere:

1. Nyimbo inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi chipembedzo. Panali ngakhale milungu yapadera yomwe imakhala ndi nyimbo.
2. Zojambula zochititsa chidwi zinafika pachimake, ochita masewerawa anali akatswiri m'munda wawo.
3. Kujambula kunali makamaka kupenta khoma. Zithunzizo zinali zachipembedzo kapena mbiri yakale.
4. Mitu yayikulu ya kujambulidwa ndi milungu, ansembe, ambuye. Pamene anthu wamba ankawonetsedwa modzichepetsa.
5. Kupukuta kunapangidwa mu Ufumu wa Maya. Zovala malinga ndi chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chinali chosiyana kwambiri. Ndi nsalu zabwino kwambiri, anthu ankagulitsa ndi mafuko ena.

Kodi chitukuko cha Mayan chinachokera kuti?

Funso lina lalikulu limene olemba mbiri ndi ochita kafukufuku ali nalo chidwi: kodi ndi chifukwa chanji chomwe ufumu wochuma unagwa? Kuwonongedwa kwa chitukuko cha Amaya chinayamba m'zaka za zana la 9 AD. Kumadera akum'mwera, chiwerengero cha anthu chinayamba kuchepa mofulumira, machitidwe a madzi sanasinthe. Anthu anasiya nyumba zawo, ndipo kumanga mizinda yatsopano kunasiya. Izi zinapangitsa kuti nthawi yomwe ufumu waukuluwo ukhale malo ogawanika omwe anali pankhondo. Mu 1528, anthu a ku Spain adayamba kugonjetsa Yucatan ndipo pofika zaka za m'ma 1800 adagonjetsa derali.

Chifukwa chiyani chitukuko cha Amaya chinatha?

Mpaka tsopano, ochita kafukufuku akunena kuti ndicho chifukwa cha imfa ya chikhalidwe chachikulu. Pali zifukwa ziwiri:

1. Zamoyo, zochokera muyeso wa munthu ndi chirengedwe. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali kwa dothi kunayambitsa kuthetsa kwawo, komwe kunayambitsa kusowa kwa chakudya ndi madzi akumwa.
2. Osakhala zachilengedwe. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso ichi, ufumuwo ukhoza kugwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, mliri, kugonjetsa kapena mtundu wina wa masoka. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti Amwenye a Amaya amatha kufa ngakhale chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo (chilala, kusefukira).

Chitukuko cha Mayan - zochititsa chidwi

Sikuti kungowonongeka kokha, komanso zinyama zina zambiri za chitukuko cha Mayan zimanyengerera olemba mbiri. Malo otsiriza kumene moyo wa fuko unalembedwa: kumpoto kwa Guatemala. Ponena za mbiri yakale ndi chikhalidwe panopa mumangotchula zofukufuku zokha basi komanso mwazimene mungathe kusonkhanitsa zokhudzana ndi chitukuko chakale:

1. Anthu ochokera ku mtundu wa Maya ankakonda kupita ku nyumba yosambira ndipo ankathamangitsa mpira. Masewerawa anali osakaniza mpira wa basketball ndi rugby, koma ndi zotsatira zoopsa kwambiri - otaika anaperekedwa nsembe.
2. Maya anali ndi malingaliro achilendo a kukongola, mwachitsanzo, "mwa mafashoni" anali atasochera maso, akuwombera mano ndi mitu yambiri. Kuti achite zimenezi, amayi kuyambira ubwana amaika chigaza cha mwana mumsampha wamatabwa ndi zinthu zopachikidwa kuti maso awo asakwaniritsidwe.
3. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti makolo a amisiri opambana kwambiri a Amaya akadali amoyo, ndipo alipo 7 miliyoni mwa iwo padziko lonse lapansi.

Mabuku onena za chitukuko cha Amaya

Maluwa ndi kuchepa kwa ufumu, mapazi osadziwika amafotokoza ntchito zambiri za olemba amakono ochokera ku Russia ndi ochokera kunja. Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza anthu omwe akusowa, mukhoza kuwerenga mabuku otsatirawa za chitukuko cha Amaya:

1. "Amaya anthu." Alberto Rus.
2. "Zinsinsi zamtundu wotayika". V.I. Gulyaev.
3. "Maya. Moyo, chipembedzo, chikhalidwe. " Ralph Whitlock.
4. "Maya. Chitukuko chinafala. Nkhani ndi mfundo ". Michael Co
5. Encyclopedia "Dziko Losauka la Maya".

Chitukuko cha Mayan chinasiya zotsatira zambiri za chikhalidwe komanso zinsinsi zambiri zosadziwika. Ngakhale kuti vuto la kuchitika kwake ndi kuchepa silinayankhidwe. Tangoganiziraninso. Pofuna kufotokoza zinsinsi zambiri, ofufuza amapeza zinsinsi zambiri. Chimodzi mwa zitukuko zoposa zakale zakale zakhalabe zodabwitsa komanso zokongola.