Phunzirani za zojambulajambula zotchuka zomwe tidawona ndikuzilemba "pansi".
Ambiri mwa ojambula amaika muzojambula zawo tanthawuzo lobisika, chinsinsi kapena ngodya zomwe akatswiri ena ndi akatswiri ena amayesa kuzifufuza pa nthawi.
1. Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Distlights, 1500-1510.
Yerun van Aken anasindikiza zojambula zake "Hieronymus Bosch". Iye anali munthu wabwino kwambiri ndipo anali membala wa ubale wachikatolika wa Amayi a Mulungu. Komabe, mwachidziwikire kumbuyo kwake kwa Erun van Aken anasunga zala zake zidadutsa, chifukwa malinga ndi malingaliro a akatswiri a mbiri yakale, Bosch anali wotsutsa ndipo anali wa mpatuko wa Adam ndipo kotero anali wovomerezeka wa chiphunzitso cha Qatari.
M'masiku amenewo, Tchalitchi cha Katolika kulikonse chinkavutikira ndi Cathars, ndipo wojambulayo anayenera kubisala zikhulupiriro zake. Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri a zamakono padziko lonse lapansi, mu filimuyi "Garden of Earthly Delights" inali ndendende chikhulupiliro chake chobisika cha wopembedza, momwe iye akufotokozera za ziphunzitso za a Cathars, zomwe zinalembedwa mwachinsinsi. Koma ngati anthu a m'nthaŵi yake ankaganiza izi, ndiye Bosch, wopanda ufulu wolungama, akanawotchedwa pamtengo.
2. Tivadar Kostka Chontwari, Old Fisherman, 1902
Pofuna kufotokoza lingaliro la chithunzithunzi ichi, timayenera kugwirizira galasi pakati. Pa moyo wa wojambula, izi sizithunzithunzi za mwana ndipo sakanakhoza kuzilingalira. Koma pamene otsutsa zamatsenga amakono amaganiza kuti amagwira ntchito ndi galasi, adadabwa ndi zomwe adawona, monga chithunzi chimodzi chinkawonetsa nkhope zitatu kamodzi. Woyamba ndi nkhope yeniyeni ya nsodzi wakale, yachiwiri ndi yachitatu ndi umunthu wake wobisika: chiwanda (chikuwonetsedwa pa phewa lakumanzere) ndi ubwino (womwe ukuwonetseredwa pa phewa labwino).
3. Hendrik van Antonissen, View of the shore la Scheveningen, 1641.
Pamene chinsalu chinalowa mu nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale monga mphatso kuchokera kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi osonkhanitsa nthawi yina mu 1873, ndiye pachithunzicho anthu omwe anasonkhana mu nyengo yoipa amayang'ana m'nyanja. Izi sizinakhumudwitse chidwi cha akatswiri, chifukwa panalibe zomwe zikanakopa anthu kumphepete mwa nyengo yoipa.
Chinsinsicho chinaululidwa kenako ndikubwezeretsa mosamala. Pamene anaunikiridwa ndi X-rays, chithunzichi chinawonetsa mtembo wa chinsomba, chomwe chimaponyedwa pamphepete mwa nyanjayi. Kenaka zinaonekeratu kuti zinakopa chidwi cha anthu onsewa. Pambuyo pa kubwezeretsa, nsomba inawonekera pa pepala, ndipo mbambande iyi inakhala yochititsa chidwi kwambiri, kotero inapatsidwa malo olemekezeka kuposa kale. Mwa lingaliro la kubwezeretsa, nsomba zikhoza kupukutidwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi wojambula yekha, amene ankaganiza kuti si aliyense amene angafune kuganizira cholengedwa chakufa chachithunzi pachithunzichi.
4. Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495-1498.
Pamene wojambulayo adalenga luso limeneli, koposa zonse ankamvetsera akuluakulu - Khristu ndi Yudasi. Iye sankatha kupeza malo abwino kwa nthawi yaitali, koma tsiku lina anakumana ndi wosankha wamng'ono muyaya ya tchalitchi ndipo anajambula chithunzi cha Khristu kuchokera kwa iye. Komabe, iye amayenera kuyang'ana munthu kwa fano la Yudasi kwa zaka zina zitatu, mpaka wojambulayo anakumana ndi chidakhwa chogona mu ngalande.
Anali mnyamata, yemwe maonekedwe ake ankasokoneza kuledzeretsa kwauchidakwa. Ndipo pamene, Da Vinci atayamba kulemberana ndi iye chifaniziro cha Yudasi, chidakhwa chidanena kuti adamufunsira kale zaka 3 zapitazo. Zinapezeka kuti munthu wakugwa uyu anali wofuula uja yemwe anafunsira chifaniziro cha Khristu.
5. Rembrandt, Night Watch, 1642
Chithunzi chachikulu cha wojambulacho chinapezedwa kokha m'zaka za zana la XIX, pambuyo pake adayendera maholo otchuka a dziko lapansi pansi pa mutu wakuti "Night Watch". Anapatsa mutu wa chithunzichi chifukwa zikuwoneka ngati ziwerengero zikuchitika motsatira mdima wakuda, zomwe zikutanthauza - usiku. Ndipo pokhapokha pakati pa zaka makumi awiri za zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri zapitazo anapeza kuti chithunzicho nthawi zonse chimakhala ndi mpweya wosanjikiza. Pambuyo pochotsa mbambande, zinaonekeratu kuti izi zimachitika masana, popeza mthunzi wogwa kuchokera kumanzere kwa Captain Cock umasonyeza kuti nthawi ya ntchitoyi ndi pafupifupi 14.00.
6. Henri Matisse, Bwato, 1937
Mu 1967, chithunzi cha Henri Matisse "The Boat" cha 1937 chinawonetsedwa ku Museum of New York. Komabe, patadutsa masiku 47, mmodzi wa akatswiriwo adazindikira kuti chithunzichi chimayikidwa "kutsogolo". Zinthu zofunika kwambiri pachithunzichi ndizo 2 seyala, imodzi mwa iyo imakhala m'madzi. Kotero, muwongolera bwino, chombo chachikulu chiyenera kukhala pamwamba, ndipo nsonga yake iyenera kuyang'ana kutsogolo kwa ngodya ya kumanja.
7. Vincent van Gogh, Chojambula ndi tube, 1889.
Pamutu wosweka wa van Gogh, nthano zapita kale. Ambiri amanena kuti adadzichepetsera yekha, koma mndandanda wodalirika wodalirika unavomerezedwa, kuti khutu linayesedwa ndi wojambulayo mukumenyana kochepa ndi wojambula wina - Paul Gauguin. Chinsinsi cha chithunzithunzi ichi ndi chakuti wojambulayo akujambula chithunzi chake kuchokera pa galasilo: khutu lakumanja limamangidwa pachithunzichi, komabe zowonongeka ndi khutu lake kumanzere.
8. Grant Wood, American Gothic, 1930
Kujambula kwa America, chithunzi ichi, ndi nkhope zowawa ndi zomvetsa chisoni za anthu a ku Iowa, zimaonedwa kuti ndizosautsa komanso zopondereza. Pambuyo pachitetezochi chiwonetsedwa ku Chicago ku Art Institute, oweruza sanamupatse mphotho yayikulu pomwepo ndipo adawerengedwa ngati chithunzi chojambulidwa. Komabe, woyang'anira nyumba yosungirako zinthu zakale adadabwa ndikukhulupirira kuti zithunzi za anthu akumidzi a nthawi imeneyo zikuwonetsedwa pano. Anakhudza zotsatira za kuyesa komaliza, ndipo pomaliza Grant Grant analandira mphoto ya madola 300, pambuyo pake nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yomweyo inagula chithunzi ichi. Kotero chithunzichi chinagwera pa masamba a nyuzipepala.
Komabe, chithunzi ichi sichinayambitse chidwi chotere, monga momwe amachitira anthu oyang'anira nyumba yosungirako zinthu zakale, pakati pa anthu okhala ku Iowa. M'malo mwake, nyanja ya kutsutsa inagwera pa ntchitoyi, ndipo Aiovtsi adakhumudwa kwambiri, kuti wojambulayo adawawonetsa iwo ali okhumudwa kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, wojambulayo anafotokoza kuti kudutsa m'chigawo cha Iowa, anakumana ndi nyumba yoyera yoyera, yomwe inamangidwa ndi zojambulajambula za Gothic, ndipo adaganiza zopanga anthu ake pamaganizo ake, ndipo sanafune kukhumudwitsa anthu a dziko lino.
Wojambula uja anatsegula maina a sitters kumene analemba zojambulazo: mtsikana yemwe anali pamapulaneti osakongola anali kulemba kuchokera kwa mchemwali wake, ndipo munthu wolimba kwambiri akuwoneka molimba mtima ndi dokotala wa mano, yemwe pa moyo wake sawoneka ngati wokongola kwambiri. Komabe, Mlongo Wood anakhalabe wosakhutira, adanena kuti pa chithunzichi akhoza kukhala akulakwitsa chifukwa cha mkazi wachiwiri. Kotero, ndi mawu ake okha akukhulupirira kuti kanema imasonyeza bambo ndi mwana wamkazi, koma wojambula sananenepo pa izo.
9. Salvador Dali, namwali wachinyamata yemwe amapereka tchimo ku Sodomu mothandizidwa ndi nyanga zake zokha, 1954.
Mpaka msonkhano wa Gala ndi Salvador Dali unali chitsanzo cha nthawi yochepa, mlongo wake Anna Maria. Ndipo mu 1925 chithunzi "Chithunzi ndi Window" chinafalitsidwa. Koma tsiku lina wojambulayo adawopsya kuchoka pamanyuzidwe onyoza pa ntchito yake yokhudza amayi awo: "Nthawi zina ndimadulala chithunzi pa amayi anga, ndipo chimandisangalatsa." Chifukwa chachinyengo chimenechi, mlongoyo sakanakhoza kumukhululukira, kenako chibwenzi chawo chinachepa.
Ndipo Anna Maria mu 1949 adafalitsa buku lake lakuti "Salvador Dali kupyolera mwa Mlongo wa Maso," sananene kuti chidwi chake ndi chojambula, chomwe chinapangitsa El Salvador kukhala wokwiya. Ndipo, malinga ndi akatswiri, kubwezeretsa kwa mlongo wa bukuli mu 1954, wojambula olakwirawo adajambula chithunzi "Msungwana wamng'ono yemwe amapereka ku Sodomu uchimo mothandizidwa ndi nyanga za iye yekha." Pa chithunzithunzi ichi, malo omwe kunja kwawindo, zofiira zofiira komanso mawindo otseguka zikuphatikizidwa ndi chithunzichi "Chithunzi kunja kwa Window."
10. Rembrandt Harmens van Rijn, Danae, 1636-1647
Pa ntchito yobwezeretsa mu zaka za m'ma 1960, chithunzichi chinayambitsidwa ndi X-rays, pambuyo pake adadziwika kuti Danae ali ndi nkhope ziwiri. Poyamba, nkhope ya mfumukazi inalembedwa kuchokera ku chithunzi cha mkazi wa wojambula Saskia. Komabe, mkazi wake anamwalira mu 1642, ndipo atatha kufa, Rembrandt anayamba kukhala ndi mbuye wake Hertie Dirks. Kotero, kujambula kunatsirizidwa ndi wojambula kale kuchokera kwa iye, ndipo nkhope ya Danae inasintha, nkufanana ndi chithunzi cha Dirks.
11. Leonardo da Vinci, Chithunzi cha Madame Lisa del Giocondo, 1503-1519.
Padziko lonse, Mona Lisa amadziwika kuti ndi wangwiro, ndipo kumwetulira kwake kuli kosavuta komanso kosamvetsetseka. Chinsinsi cha kumwetulira uku kunayesedwa kuti chidziwitse wolemba zamatsenga komanso nthawi yomweyo dokotala wa menyu American Joseph Borkowski. Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri ake amaganiza, akatswiri amanena kuti "Mona Lisa wokongola" akumwetulira mwachinsinsi chifukwa chosavuta kumva - alibe mano ambiri. Atafufuza zidutswa za m'kamwa mwake, Yosefe anaganiza kuti zovutazo zimamuzungulira, choncho akuganiza kuti chinachake chachitika kwa heroine, chifukwa cha zomwe anapeza mano ambiri. Ndipo kumwetulira kwake kumakhala kwa munthu yemwe alibe mano apatsogolo.
12. Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix, Ufulu ku Maboma, 1830
Wolemba mbiri wa zamalonda Etienne Julie akukhulupirira kuti chithunzi cha Ufulu chinalembedwa kuchokera ku wotchuka wotembenuzidwa wa Anna Charlotte, yemwe anali wamba komanso wamasewera mwa ntchito. Mkazi wosautsika uyu anapita kumalo okwirira ndipo anapha asilikali achifumu 9. Panthawi yolimba mtima imeneyi, imfa ya mchimwene wake, yemwe anagwa m'manja mwa alonda, adamudzutsa. Chifuwa chopanda chilema mu ufulu pa chithunzichi chikutanthauza kuti demokarase ndi ufulu womwewo ndi wofanana ndi wamba yemwe savala ma corsets.
13. Kazimir Malevich, Black Suprematist Square, 1915
Anthu ena amanena kuti mphamvu yachinsinsi ku Black Square ya Malevich. Komabe, potero, wolembayo sanaike chirichonse chamatsenga pachithunzichi, ndipo chithunzichi kwenikweni chinali kutchedwa "Nkhondo ya Njola M'phango Lakuda". Kulemba koteroko kunapezedwa ndi akatswiri a Gallery ya Tretyakov.
Zing'onoting'onozo sizinali zowonongeka, chifukwa palibe mbali imodzi yofanana ndi ina, koma sikunyoza kwa ojambula, koma chikhumbo chake kuti apange mawonekedwe apamwamba. Ndipo wakuda ndi zotsatira zokha zosakaniza mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Momwemonso, Malevich anatero pa chithunzi cha Alfons Alla, wojambula zithunzi, yemwe anajambula mzere wofiira kwambiri, akuitanira ntchito "Nkhondo ya Akunja Mumphepete Yamdima Usiku Usiku."
14. Gustav Klimt, Chithunzi cha Adele Bloch-Bauer, 1907
Pambuyo pa chinsinsi cha chithunzichi pali katatu kondomeko pakati pa mbuye wa Bloch-Bauer, mwamuna wake ndi klimt wojambula. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti pakati pa mkazi wa magnate shuga ndi wotchuka wotchuka m'zaka zimenezo, chikondi chosokoneza chimazungulira, ndipo mwina onse a Vienna ankadziwa za izo.
Pamene nkhaniyi inakafika kwa mwamuna wa Adele Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer, adaganiza zobwezera abwenzi ake mwanjira yodabwitsa.
Akumangidwa chifukwa cha kuperekedwa kwa mkazi wake, Bambo Bloch-Bauer adamuuza Gustav Klimt ndi wokondedwa wake kuti alembe chithunzi cha mkazi wake. Mnyamatayo wamanyazi adaganiza kuti angakane zithunzi za mkazi wake, ndipo wojambulayo amayenera kupanga zojambula zambirimbiri. Ndipo izi ndi zofunikira kuti wojambulayo atuluke mu chitsanzo cha Adele Bloch-Bauer. Ndiye Adele ayenera kuwona momwe Klimt amamukondera iye, ndipo bukuli lidzatha.Chotsatira chake, ndondomeko yachinyengo ya Ferdinand inagwira ntchito monga momwe adakonzera, ndipo atatha kulembera okonda zithunzi zowonongeka anagawidwa kwamuyaya. Komabe, Adélie sankadziwa kuti mwamuna wake amadziwa za chikondi chake ndi wojambula.
15. Paul Gauguin, tinachokera Kuti? Ndife yani? Tikupita kuti?, 1897-1898.
Chithunzichi chinali chosinthira moyo wa wojambula, kapena kuti, mwamunayo anamuukitsa, atatha kudzipha yekha. Iye analemba ntchito ku Tahiti, komwe nthaŵi zina ankathaŵa chitukuko. Koma nthawi izi zinthu sizinayende bwino: umphawi wadzaoneni unabweretsa chithunzi chojambula ku vuto lalikulu.
Anamaliza kujambula monga chipangano kwa anthu, ndipo pamene mbambande idatha, wojambula mwangozi anapita kumapiri ndi bokosi la arsenic kuti amalize moyo wake. Komabe, iye sanawerengere mlingoyo, ndikukangana ndi ululu, anabwerera kunyumba ndipo anagona. Atadzuka ndi kuzindikira zachitidwe chake, wojambula uja anabwerera ku ludzu lake lakale la moyo, ndipo atabwerera kunyumba zonse zinali zachilendo, chilengedwe chinayamba, ndipo zinthu zinakwera.
Chinsinsi cha chithunzichi ndi chakuti chiyenera kuwerengedwa kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanzere, monga malemba omwe amakonza zojambulazo pa nthawiyo. Ntchitoyo imanena za moyo wauzimu ndi thupi la munthu kuchokera kubadwa mpaka imfa (m'munsimu kumbali ya kumanja mwana amatengedwa ngati chizindikiro cha kubadwa, komanso kumbali ya kumanzerepa - ukalamba ndi mbalame yomwe imapeza buluzi ngati chizindikiro cha imfa).
16. Peter Bruegel mkulu, miyambi ya Dutch, 1559
Chowonadi ichi chodziwika bwino chiri ndichokha kapena china chake, koma pafupi miyambi 112. Ena a iwo amalankhula za kupusa kwaumunthu. Ambiri ndi ofunika kwambiri mpaka lero: "okonzekera mano", "pita motsutsana ndi zamakono."
17. Paul Gauguin, Breton Village pansi pa Snow, 1894.
Chithunzi ichi chimasonyeza kukula kwa malingaliro a munthu, monga luso lingathe kuwonedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kwa nthawi yoyamba tchalitchicho chinagulitsidwa pambuyo pa imfa ya wojambulayo pa malonda kwa ndalama zisanu ndi ziwiri zosautsika zotchedwa "Niagara Falls." Zinachitika chifukwa wogulitsa malonda anayikweza pamwamba ndi mapazi ake ndipo adawona mathithi omwe ali pachithunzicho, osati mudzi, wokhala ndi chisanu.
18. Pablo Picasso, Malo Oyera, 1901
Yankho la chithunzichi linali lopambana kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale mu 2008, atatha kuunikiridwa ndi miyendo yamoto. Pambuyo pake, chithunzi chachiwiri kapena, mwinamwake, choyamba chinapezeka. Pansi pa chithunzi chachikulu cha mayiyo m'chipinda chofiira, munthu wina atavala suti ndi gulugufe, akukweza mutu wake ndi dzanja lake, anawoneka bwino.
Malinga ndi katswiri Patricia Favero, pamene Picasso anali atauziridwa, nthawi yomweyo anatenga burashi ndipo anayamba kukoka. Ndipo mwinamwake, pamphindi wotsatira, pamene nyumbayo idamuyendera, wojambulayo analibe chinsalu chopanda kanthu, ndipo anayamba kujambula chithunzi chatsopano pamwamba pake, kapena Pablo analibe ndalama zopezera zatsopano.
19. Michelangelo, Creation Adam, 1511
Chithunzichi chikhoza kutchedwa phunziro la kutenga thupi. Choncho, malinga ndi akatswiri a ku America a matenda a ubongo, chithunzichi chimasonyeza ubongo waukulu womwe uli ndi mbali zoonekera bwino, mwachitsanzo, ululu wa pituitary, cerebellum, mitsempha ya optic komanso ngakhale mitsempha yowoneka bwino, yomwe imasonyezedwa ngati nthonje yobiriwira.
20. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Lutnist, 1596
Chithunzi ichi chinawonetsedwa ku Hermitage kwa nthawi yayitali pansi pa dzina lakuti "Lutnistka". Komabe, kumapeto kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, akatswiri a mbiri yakale komanso akatswiri a mbiri yakale adapeza kuti chithunzichi chimasonyeza mnyamata, osati mtsikana. Pa lingaliro ili iwo adakankhidwa ndi zolemba zomwe ziri patsogolo pa fano la munthu. Amatha kuona chipani cha Madrigal Jacob Arkademt "Mukudziwa kuti ndimakukondani." Choncho, nkokayikitsa kuti mkazi angapange chisankho chotere choimba.
Kuonjezera apo, nthawi ya moyo wa ojambula onse liwu ndi violin, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pazitsulo, zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipangizo zoimbira za amuna. Pambuyo pake, chithunzichi chinawonetsedwa pansi pa dzina lakuti "Lutnist".