Lingaliro la oligopoly limachokera ku mawu Achigriki, omwe amatanthauza "angapo" ndi "kugulitsa" kumasulira. Uchuma woterewu umakhala ndi mpikisano wopanda ungwiro. Iyo imayendetsedwa ndi makampani angapo. Oligopolists amatsutsana komanso osagwirizana nawo.
Oligopol - ndi chiyani?
Anthu ena ogulitsa makampani ena ali ndi ndondomeko yawo ndipo amaganizira zochita za otsala pamsika. Oligopoly ndi mtundu wa malonda omwe makampani akuluakulu amatha kupanga ndi kugulitsa mankhwala ena. Ntchito yotereyi ili ndi tanthauzo la "msika wa ochepa." Kapangidwe kake ka oligopol kawirikawiri kumaphatikizapo ogulitsa 3-10, omwe amakhutitsa kuchuluka kwa zofunikira pamsika. Kuwonekera kwa makampani atsopano ndi kovuta kapena kosatheka konse.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pamodzi ndi oligopoly
M'makampani ena, ntchito imodzi yokha imapindulitsa kwambiri. Nkhani yachuma imasonyeza kukula komwe kumapangitsa kukula kwa kupanga. Kampani yotereyi ndi yokhazikika ndipo imakhala yokhayo wogulitsa pa msika wogulitsa. Oligopoly akudziwika ndi kupereka katundu kuchokera kwa olemba angapo. Iwo akhoza kupanga zosiyana zosiyanasiyana.
Chipolopolo ndi oligopoly ali ndi msika wawo. Anthu otchedwa monopolists amapanga mankhwala apadera. Pokhala kokha wopanga, amatha kulola mitengo yapamwamba kwambiri. Oligopolists akudalira mwachindunji pa mpikisano, nkhaniyi ndi yochenjera ndipo kawirikawiri imawonanso mitengo. Funso la zinthu zotsika mtengo limapangitsa kukhazikitsa zipangizo zamakono.
Zifukwa za kukhala ndi oligopoly
Chuma cha mayiko ochuluka chikudziwika ndi kupanga ndi kulengeza zambiri zamsika pamsika, zomwe zikuchitika ndi makampani angapo. Chimodzi mwa iwo chimakhudza mtengo wa malonda mwa zochita zake, zomwe zimatsimikizira kufunika kwa oligopoly. Udindo waukulu m'makampani ambiri ndi olemera ambiri. Oligopol mu chuma cha msika muzochitika zotero amatchedwa "Big Six". Iwo ali ndi utsogoleri wa kupanga ndi kuyendetsa magalimoto, zitsulo, magetsi. Zina mwa zifukwa zazikulu zopezera oligopol ndi:
- malonda a zogulitsa - kusowa kwa makasitomala kupitirira mphamvu zamakono zopanga kampani imodzi;
- zovuta zachuma - ndalama zowonjezera katundu;
- Zolepheretsa kuyanjana kwa makampani omwe alipo - kuyang'anira zowonongeka zamakono, ufulu wolembetsa patent.
Zizindikiro za oligopoly
Makampani aakulu amalimbana pakati pawo pamsika wogula. Zogwirizana ndi oligopoly zimalepheretsa kulowa kwa makampani atsopano. Cholinga chachikulu ndicho ndalama zazikulu zamalonda zomwe zimafunikira kuti pakhale zopanga zazikulu. Chiwerengero chochepa cha makampani pamsika salola kulola mpikisano mwa kuchepetsa mitengo, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri mapindu. Choncho, njira zowonjezera zotsutsana ndi mpikisano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - izi ndizopamwamba, luso lapamwamba, nthawi yowonjezereka ya mankhwala, malipiro.
Malingana ndi zofukufukuzi, titha kusiyanitsa zikuluzikulu za oligopoly:
- kampani ing'onoing'ono imapereka makasitomala onse;
- chosemphana chachikulu cha kulowa kwa makampani atsopano ku msika wogulitsa;
- kudalirana kwa makampani ogulitsa limodzi, kuchepetsa mtengo ndi kuchuluka kwa kupanga.
Oligopoly - ubwino ndi chiwonongeko
Msika uliwonse umakhala ndi zinthu zabwino komanso zoipa. Mavuto a oligopoly amadziwika:
- kusamvana kwa oimira kampani, kugwiritsira ntchito mitengo ndi kumwa mankhwala;
- mtengo wa malamulo a antimonopoly;
- zotheka kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala.
Ubwino wa oligopoly umafotokozedwa motere:
- osati mitengo yapamwamba kwambiri;
- Mtundu wabwino wa katundu - poopera mpikisano, opanga amapereka mosamala;
- Kupezeka kwa chidziwitso chokhudza mankhwalawa chifukwa cha malonda ambiri.
Mitundu ya oligopoly
Oligopoly akuphatikizapo malonda angapo aakulu. Zimayimira makampani onse pamsika wogulitsa. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya oligopoly, yomwe ilipo izi:
- zofanana - mankhwala oyenerera amapangidwa ndi makampani angapo; sichikusiyana ndi kalasi, mtundu, mtundu (mowa, simenti, shuga);
- Kusiyanitsa - makampani amagulitsa mankhwala a mafakitale amodzi, koma ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mitundu, mankhwala (zakumwa, magalimoto, mankhwala ogulitsa fodya);
- chinsinsi - mgwirizano pakati pa atsogoleri a mabungwe ogulitsa mabungwe pamagulu a magwero okhudzana ndi kupezeka kwa zipangizo kuti athandize phindu lalikulu;
- kulamulira - wogulitsa wamkulu ali ndi gawo la msika wa 70%, ena onse amakhala ndi makampani ena;
- duopoly - awiri opanga amapereka mankhwala kumsika.
Kusamvana kwachinsinsi mu msika wa oligopol
Mpikisano pamsika ungapangitse kusamvana kwachinsinsi. Chigwirizanochi, chomwe chimagwirizanitsa pakati pa makampani a malonda ena pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitengo yokhazikika ya katundu ndi kupanga buku. Muzochitika zoterezi, ndondomekoyi imagwirizanitsa mitengo pamene ikuchepetsedwa kapena kuwonjezeka. Makampani omwe amapanga zinthu zofanana amakhala ndi mtengo womwewo. Zikatero, lingaliro la oligopoly limakhala lolakwika, kampaniyo imakhala ngati munthu wodziimira yekha. Chigwirizano chimenechi chimaonedwa kuti n'choletsedwa m'makampani ambiri.
Zitsanzo za oligopoly padziko lapansi
Makampani oligopolistic akuphatikizapo olemba ambiri. Zitsanzo zake zingathandize kupanga mowa, makompyuta, zitsulo. Ku Russia ngongole zonse zimayang'aniridwa ndi mabanki asanu ndi limodzi akuluakulu a boma. Zitsanzo zina za oligopoly zimaphatikizapo kupanga magalimoto, omwe ndi odziwika bwino kwambiri "BMW" ndi "Mercedes", ndege yodutsa "Boeing", "Airbus".
Oligopol ku US anagawa msika woyamba ku makampani anai akuluakulu, komanso zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga zoyambirira. Makampani asanu amagwiritsa ntchito 90% yopanga makina osamba, firiji, ndudu ndi mowa. Ku Germany ndi ku United Kingdom, makampani 94 a fodya amapanga mafakitale atatu. Ku France, ndudu zapakati 100 ndi mafiriji onse m'manja mwa makampani atatu akuluakulu.
Zotsatira za oligopoly
Maganizo oipa pa zotsatira za oligopol mu chuma sakhala oyenera. M'dziko lamakono, anthu ambiri amafuna kubwereketsa anthu wamba, zomwe zimayambitsa kusakhulupirika kwa onse omwe ali ndi ndalama. Koma kuchuluka kwa zokolola zochuluka mu mafakitale amodzi ndikofunikira kuti pakhale chitukuko cha chuma. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha ntchito yayikulu, yomwe imakhudza mtengo. Kwa makampani ang'onoang'ono, iwo sali okhazikika.
Kupanga kwakukulu, komwe kumapanga mabuku ochuluka, kumateteza pa matekinoloje atsopano. Ngati muwerengera chitukuko cha mankhwala atsopano, mumapeza chiwerengero chodabwitsa - madola 610 miliyoni. Koma ndalamazo zimapita zaka zomwe zidzasinthidwe. Ndalama zikhoza kuphatikizidwa pa mtengo, zomwe sizidzakhudza kwambiri mtengo wake. Oligopol mu chuma ndi chida champhamvu pa chitukuko cha kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi zamakono, zomwe ziyenera kupatsidwa njira yoyenera. Zotsatira za oligopoline zimakhudza kwambiri kuwonjezeka kwa kukula ndi kufalikira kwa kupanga.
Mabuku Oligopoly
Zopereka zatsopano zimapezeka nthawi zonse pamsika. Phindu lapamwamba limakopa mpikisano. Amagonjetsa zolepheretsa ndikulowa malonda. Kulamulira msika wa oligopol kumakhala kovuta ndi nthawi. Kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano, kupulumutsa kuwonjezeka, pali m'malo mwa zinthu zina. Okonza nthawi zonse amakumana ndi vuto la nthawi yayitali kapena yaitali ya phindu lowonjezeka. Mitengo yoyandikana ndi makampani odzipangira okha, kuwonjezera ndalama, koma pakapita nthawi, zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamsika zimakula. Mavutowa amawonetsedwa m'mabuku:
- "Malamulo a masamu a chiphunzitso cha chuma" Cournot Augustin (1838). Mu bukhu ili, wolemba zachuma wa ku France anawonetsa kafukufuku wake pa mavuto omwe akukhudzana ndi nkhani ya mitengo mumsika wogonjetsa pamsika.
- "Poganizira zachuma mobwerezabwereza" Mark Blaug. Kope lachinayi la bukhuli likudziwika ngati lokha la mtundu wake m'mbiri ya malingaliro azachuma.
- "Akulu khumi azachuma ochokera ku Marx mpaka Keynes" Joseph Schumpeter. Bukhuli sikuti limangokhala chida kwa akatswiri, koma limadziwikanso ndi owerenga osiyanasiyana.