Kutsimikizira ubale wa mwamuna ndi mwana ndi kofunika pazifukwa ziwiri: ngati bambo weniweni akukayikira za izi, kapena amakana kuzindikira mwanayo komanso kutenga nawo mbali (pokhutira ndi zakuthupi) pamene akuleredwa. Kuchita zofananazo ndizomwe zingatheke mwadzidzidzi, komanso pansi pa chisankho cha mabungwe akuluakulu.
Kufufuza kwa abambo
Malamulo a mwanayo ali ndi gawo lofanana (50% lirilonse) limagwirizana ndi ma chromosomes a bambo ndi amayi. Zagawo za DNA , zomwe zidziwitso za chibadwidwe zilipo, zimatchedwa loci. Mmodzi mwa iwo ali ndi deta ya jini imodzi. Pofuna kukhazikitsa paternity ndi DNA, m'pofunika kufufuza loci pansi pa microscope digital ndi kuchulukitsa mamiliyoni angapo. Choyamba, ma chromosome amapezeka, kenako zigawozo zikufanizidwa ndi zitsanzo za abambo (zowonongeka - magazi, saliva) zimafunika. Ngati iwo ali ofanana, bamboyo ndi 99.9% a abambo a mwanayo.
Kodi kubadwa kwa mwana kumatha kukhazikitsidwa mwana asanabadwe?
Ngati pali anthu angapo omwe akufuna kukhala mutu wa banja la mtsogolo, kukayezetsa nthawi yobereka (HIV) kukuvomerezeka. Kaya n'zotheka kukhazikitsa paternity panthawi yomwe mayi ali ndi mimba ayenera kuchitidwa ndi amayi atakambirana ndi mayi wamayi. Kutenga zinthu zakuthupi za mwana wakhanda kumafunika kuti apange nthawi. Ndi njira yowopsya komanso yowopsya yomwe imatsogolera ku imfa ya mwanayo.
Palinso njira yochepetsetsa yothetsera ubale. Pofufuza, magazi oopsa a mayi ndi bambo akutengedwa. Kuchokera ku chirengedwe cha mkazi, DNA ya mwanayo imagawidwa ndikuyerekeza ndi deta ya munthu. Kudalirika kwa mayeso otere ndi otsika kusiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, kotero ndibwino kuti ichitike mwamsanga mimba.
Kodi mungakhazikitse bwanji abambo pambuyo pa imfa ya abambo?
Vuto lomwe limaganiziridwa limathetsedwa mwalamulo. Ngati munthu m'moyo wake adadzivomereza yekha kukhala bambo, kuti atsimikizire izi moyenera ziyenera kuchitira umboni:
- makalata;
- zithunzi;
- makalata pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kapena otumizira;
- mauthenga a foni;
- zolemba zaumwini;
- umboni wa mamembala kapena abwenzi ndi zosankha zomwezo.
Zimakhala zovuta kupeza njira yothetsera ubwenzi ngati bambo anamwalira ndipo poyamba anakana ubwenzi wake ndi mwanayo. Nthaŵi zambiri, umboni wapamwamba wa khoti ndi wosasunthika, ndipo ndikofunika kuyang'ana mabala a munthuyo. Nthawi zina mumakhala ndi chilolezo choti mutuluke thupi. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi ndizoyenera:
- madzi kapena magazi owuma;
- tsitsi ndi babu;
- umuna;
- chikopa;
- misomali.
Kodi mungakhazikitse bwanji paternity popanda DNA?
Ngati palibe chilengedwe chofanana ndi ma genetic, ndizovuta kwambiri kutsimikizira mgwirizano womwewo. Njira zosayenerera momwe kukhazikitsira ana popanda DNA zimaphatikizapo kufanana kwa kufanana kwapakati pakati pa mwamuna ndi wamng'ono kapena umboni wa achibale ndi mabwenzi apamtima. Kuonjezerapo, mungathe kudziwa tsiku la kulera. Umboni umene uli pamwambawu sutitsimikizira kuti munthuyo ndi atate wa mwanayo. Njira zoterezi zowakhazikitsira abambo alibe malamulo, makamaka ngati abambo amakana kukakhala nawo.
Kodi mungakhazikitse bwanji paternity ngati ukwati sunalembedwe?
Vuto lalikulu la kugwirizanitsa anthu ndi kukana kwa amuna kuti atenge nawo mbali pazinthu zakuthupi ndi maphunziro a ana ogwirizana atatha kugawana ndi mkazi. Mkhalidwe umenewu, amayi ayenera kudziwa momwe angakhalire paternity ndi mafayilo a alimony. Nthawi zina zimatha kuthetsa mkangano umenewu mwamtendere, koma nthawi zambiri amai amayenera kupita kwa akatswiri kuti awathandize.
Kodi mungakhazikitse bwanji paternity mwaufulu?
Ngati munthu samakayikira ubale wake ndi mwana, zimangochitika mwamsanga mwanayo ataonekera. Izi zimachitika polemba zochitika (zowonetsera) chikhalidwe cha anthu m'maboma olembetsa. Sitifiketi chobadwira chinalandira, deta ya papa weniweni yaloledwa, ngakhale ngati sakukwatirana ndi amayi ake.
Pamene munthu sadziwa kuti ali ndi chiwalo chokhala ndi chiwalo chatsopano cha banja, mukhoza kupanga DNA kufanana ndi kuyerekezera ndi kukhazikitsa paternity panthawi yoyembekezera kapena (makamaka) pambuyo pa kubadwa. Pofuna kufufuza, bambo amene akumuuza kuti ayenera kutenga chimodzi mwa zitsanzo za majini:
- umuna;
- magazi;
- malaya.
Kodi mungakonde bwanji kukhazikitsa paternity?
Pali amuna ambiri omwe amakana chiyanjano ndi mwana chifukwa chosafuna kulipira alimony. Njira yokhayo, momwe mungakakamizire kuzindikira ubale wa apapa otere - kupita ku khoti. Ngakhale mutalandira mwachinsinsi ma genetic ndikuzipereka ku kafukufuku wa labotale, zotsatira za mayeso sizikhala ndi malamulo. Popanda kuvomereza kwa munthu, munthu sangathe kutsimikizira kuti zitsanzo zake ndizo zake.
Kodi mungakhazikitse bwanji abambo kudzera m'makhoti?
Wotsutsa muzofotokozedwa zikhoza kukhala:
- mwamuna;
- mzimayi;
- mwana.
Pali njira yothetsera kukhalira pakati pa bwalo lamilandu. Choyamba muyenera kusonkhanitsa zofunikirazo:
- ndemanga;
- chikalata chovomerezeka cha kalata yoberekera;
- umboni wochirikiza zenizeni za abambo;
- kulandila malipiro a boma.
Pambuyo pokonzekera mapepala ndi milandu yomwe ilipo, muyenera kuyankhulana ndi khoti lachigawo lapafupi. Misonkhano idzakonzedweratu pamene padzakhala chisankho chokhazikitsa kukhazikitsa pakati pawo. Ngati pali umboni wovomerezeka, ololedwa kupanga chigamulo popanda kupima mazenera, kuyesa sikuchitika. Ngati umboniwo uli wosatsimikiziridwa, akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa ma laboratory. Malingana ndi zotsatira zawo, khothi lidzapanga chisankho chomaliza pampando wina.
Kodi mungakhazikitse bwanji paternity ngati mayi akutsutsa?
Makhalidwe omwe mayi amaletsa kuyankhulana pakati pa papa ndi mwana wake si zachilendo. Ngati abambo akuthupi akufuna kukhazikitsa chibadwidwe mosasamala kanthu za chilakolako chake, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mabungwe akuluakulu. Poyambitsa mayesero, mwamuna ayenera kutsatira ndondomeko yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa, musanayambe kukonzekera zikalata zofunikira ndi umboni.
Zoterezi sizikhoza kukhutira pazifukwa zotsatirazi:
- Kugwirizana kwa ubale ndi mwamuna kumakhudza mavuto a mwanayo;
- bambo wachilengedwe amayesa kukhazikitsa paternity chifukwa chadyera;
- mwanayo safuna kuzindikira ubale wamagazi ndi mwamuna (ngati ali ndi zaka zoyenera).
Momwe mungakhazikitsire abambo ngati abambo akutsutsa?
Kukhalanso kovuta kuzindikira chiyanjano cha chilengedwe sikunayesedwe ngati umboni wamphamvu mulamulo, pamene mkazi wakwaniritsa zochitika zonse zomwe takambirana pamwambapa kuti atsegule mulanduyo ndikupereka zikalata zofunikira. Pamsonkhano, bungwe lolamulira lidzasankha ngati kuli kotheka kukhazikitsa paternity popanda kuyambitsa chibadwa, kapena ngati kuyerekeza kwa DNA kuyenera kuchitidwa.
Nthawi zina mwana wakhanda okalamba akufuna kutsimikizira ubale wake wamagazi ndi mwamuna. Kawirikawiri mapembedzero oterowo amaloledwa pamene ana amakwanitsa zaka zambiri kapena ngati amwalira ndi mmodzi wa osamalira kapena makolo. Njira imene mwana amakhalira ndi abambo ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi ndondomeko yofotokozedwa kwa amayi ake kapena bambo ake.